Increased Arterial Stiffness as a Predictor for Onset and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 3

Independent association between degrees of baPWV and new onset/progression of DR revealed by Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis.

	T2 PWV		T3 PWV
	HR (95% CI)	value	HR (95% CI)	value
Crude	1.84 (1.12, 3.02)	0.016	2.07 (1.28, 3.36)	0.003
Model 1	2.23 (1.33, 3.75)	0.002	3.04 (1.72, 5.37)	<0.001
Model 2	2.29 (1.33, 3.95)	0.003	2.84 (1.55, 5.18)	<0.001
Model 3	2.24 (1.25, 4.03)	0.007	2.90 (1.49, 5.64)	0.002

Model 1 was adjusted for age and gender; model 2 was controlled for age, gender, duration of T2DM, and HbA1c; model 3 was further adjusted for MAP, usage of hypertensive medication, hyperlipidemia, eGFR, albuminuria, and uric acid based on model 2. presents a statistically significant value.