Association between the Plasma-Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Retrospective Study
Table 3
OR (95% CIs) of abnormal cIMT and carotid artery plaque by quartiles of the HbA1c/HDL-C ratio in patients with DM ().
HbA1c/HDL-C
Each 1-unit increase
Q1 (<5.98)
Q2 (5.98–7.38)
Q3 (7.38–9.07)
Q4 (>9.07)
for trend
Abnormal mean cIMT (≥1 mm)
Model 1†
1.13 (1.04–1.22)
Ref.
1.63 (0.96–2.79)
1.70 (1.00–2.90)
2.23 (1.29–3.86)
0.005
Model 2†
1.13 (1.04–1.23)
Ref.
1.56 (0.90–2.70)
1.68 (0.97–2.90)
2.29 (1.28–4.08)
0.006
Model 3†
1.16 (1.09–1.22)
Ref.
1.53 (0.88–2.67)
1.68 (0.97–2.92)
2.23 (1.25–4.01)
0.008
Model 4†
1.13 (1.04–1.23)
Ref.
1.65 (0.94–2.91)
1.85 (1.05–3.26)
2.87 (1.55–5.32)
0.001
Abnormal maximum cIMT (≥1 mm)
Model 1†
1.17 (1.06–1.28)
Ref.
1.79 (1.02–3.15)
2.17 (1.21–3.86)
2.80 (1.53–5.15)
0.001
Model 2†
1.17 (1.07–1.29)
Ref.
1.72 (0.97–3.08)
2.17 (1.20–3.92)
2.94 (1.55–5.57)
0.001
Model 3†
1.17 (1.06–1.29)
Ref.
1.68 (0.93–3.02)
2.16 (1.19–3.94)
2.83 (1.48–5.41)
0.001
Model 4†
1.22 (1.10–1.35)
Ref.
1.82 (0.99–3.34)
2.44 (1.30–4.56)
4.00 (2.00–8.02)
<0.001
Carotid artery plaque
Model 1†
1.03 (0.94–1.12)
Ref.
1.38 (0.73–2.59)
2.02 (1.02–3.99)
1.22 (0.66–2.28)
0.342
Model 2†
1.04 (0.95–1.14)
Ref.
1.38 (0.72–2.65)
2.11 (1.05–4.22)
1.37 (0.71–2.64)
0.208
Model 3†
1.04 (0.94–1.14)
Ref.
1.35 (0.68–2.60)
2.09 (1.04–4.22)
1.30 (0.67–2.54)
0.259
Model 4†
1.04 (0.95–1.15)
Ref.
1.36 (0.70–2.63)
2.10 (1.04–4.27)
1.36 (0.68–2.71)
0.222
Data were shown as OR (95% CI) which was evaluated using logistic regression models. †Model 1: unadjusted; model 2: adjusted for age and sex; model 3: further adjusted for smoking, alcohol consumption, and history of hypertension; model 4: further adjusted for LDL-C, white blood cell count, and creatinine level; HbA1c: hemoglobin Alc; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; cIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; Ref: reference, DM: diabetes mellitus; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CI: confidence interval.
