The Effectiveness of Health Education in Improving Knowledge about Hypoglycemia and Insulin Pen Use among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at a Primary Care Hospital in Vietnam

Table 2

Knowledge about using insulin pen.

Good knowledge	Before intervention (); (%)	Right after intervention (); (%)	After one month (); (%)	After two months (); (%)	( vs. )	( vs. )	( vs. )
Hand washing and injection site cleaning
Yes	63 (78.8)	80 (100)	80 (100)	71 (100)	<0.001	<0.001	0.0001
No	17 (21.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Pushing the air bubble out before injection
Yes	16 (20.0)	72 (90.0)	65 (81.2)	66 (93.0)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	64 (80.0)	8 (10.0)	15 (18.8)	5 (7.0)
Injection time
Yes	41 (51.3)	76 (95.0)	72 (90.0)	65 (91.6)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	39 (48.7)	4 (5.0)	8 (10.0)	6 (8.4)
Duration of syringe under skin after injection
Yes	34 (42.5)	78 (97.5)	68 (85.0)	71 (100)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	46 (57.5)	2 (2.5)	12 (15.0)	0 (0)
Massage injection site
Yes	47 (58.8)	73 (91.3)	70 (87.5)	70 (98.6)	<0.001	0.0001	<0.001
No	33 (41.2)	7 (8.7)	10 (12.5)	1 (1.4)
Unused insulin storage
Yes	69 (86.3)	78 (97.5)	73 (91.3)	71 (100)	0.004	0.219	0.004
No	11 (13.7)	2 (2.5)	7 (8.7)	0 (0)
Leftover insulin storage
Yes	21 (26.3)	70 (87.5)	57 (71.3)	65 (91.6)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	59 (73.7)	10 (12.5)	23 (28.7)	6 (8.4)
Stabilize temperature before injection
Yes	26 (32.5)	78 (97.5)	76 (95.0)	71 (100)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	54 (67.5)	2 (2.5)	4 (5.0)	0 (0)
Injection site
Yes	46 (57.5)	80 (100)	79 (98.8)	71 (100)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	34 (42.5)	0 (0)	1 (1.2)	0 (0)
Changing injection site
Yes	80 (100)	79 (98.8)	80 (100)	71 (100)	1.000	1.000	1.000
No	0 (0)	1 (1.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Changing injection site every day
Yes	28 (35.0)	65 (81.3)	58 (72.5)	61 (85.9)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	52 (65.0)	15 (18.7)	22 (27.5)	10 (14.1)
Injection site selection
Yes	73 (91.3)	78 (97.5)	77 (96.3)	71 (100)	0.180	0.344	0.016
No	7 (8.7)	2 (2.5)	3 (3.7)	0 (0)
Number of injections per needle
Yes	8 (10.0)	61 (76.3)	38 (47.5)	57 (80.3)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	72 (90.0)	19 (23.7)	42 (52.5)	14 (19.7)
Consequences of reuse needle so many times
Yes	9 (11.3)	55 (68.8)	49 (61.3)	58 (81.7)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	71 (88.7)	25 (31.2)	31 (38.7)	13 (18.3)
Needle treatment after injection
Yes	6 (7.5)	56 (70.0)	41 (51.3)	57 (80.3)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
No	74 (92.5)	24 (30.0)	39 (48.7)	14 (19.7)
Total score (median and IQR)	7 (5-8)	14 (13-14.5)	12 (11-14)	14 (13-15)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001