The Effectiveness of Health Education in Improving Knowledge about Hypoglycemia and Insulin Pen Use among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at a Primary Care Hospital in Vietnam
Table 4
The association between patients’ characteristics and overall knowledge and practice scores.
Characteristics
Score on knowledge about hypoglycemia
Score on knowledge about insulin pen
Score on practice using insulin pen
Coef (95% CI)
Coef (95% CI)
Coef (95% CI)
Demographics
Ethnicity
Kinh
Ref
Ref
Ref
Hoa
-0.46 (-0.92; -0.01)
0.046
-0.85 (-1.50; -0.19)
0.011
-0.01 (-0.57; 0.56)
0.985
Age category (year)
<50
Ref
Ref
Ref
50-60
-0.65 (-1.10; -0.20)
0.005
-0.93 (-1.66; -0.19)
0.014
-0.69 (-1.37; -0.001)
0.050
>60
-0.71 (-1.12; -0.30)
0.001
-1.01 (-1.69; -0.33)
0.004
-1.43 (-2.11; -0.75)
<0.001
Sex
Female
Ref
Ref
Ref
Male
0.23 (-0.16; 0.62)
0.256
0.02 (-0.53; 0.58)
0.932
0.53 (-0.04; 1.09)
0.070
Education level
Primary school
Ref
Ref
Ref
Secondary school
0.42 (-0.04; -0.89)
0.074
0.62 (-0.06; 1.29)
0.072
0.06 (-0.68; 0.79)
0.882
High school or over
0.84 (0.43; 1.25)
<0.001
0.78 (0.28; 1.29)
0.002
0.50 (-0.09; 1.09)
0.094
Occupation
Government employee
Ref
Ref
Ref
Retired
-0.68 (-1.69; 0.34)
0.190
-0.33 (-2.34; 1.67)
0.745
-1.37 (-2.82; 0.08)
0.065
Others
-0.83 (-1.75; 0.09)
0.076
-0.69 (-2.61; 1.22)
0.480
-1.05 (-2.29; 0.19)
0.096
Average monthly income (million VND)
<3
Ref
Ref
Ref
3-<7
-0.05 (-0.48; 0.38)
0.829
0.31 (-0.30; 0.92)
0.315
0.51 (-0.10; 1.11)
0.101
≥7
0.75 (0.30; 1.19)
0.001
0.91 (0.38; 1.45)
0.001
1.20 (0.59; 1.82)
<0.001
Health status
Duration of living with diabetes (year)
<1
Ref
Ref
Ref
1-6
0.31 (-0.96; 1.58)
0.628
0.23 (-1.16; 1.61)
0.747
-0.30 (-1.98; 1.39)
0.729
>6
0.53 (-0.68; 1.75)
0.388
0.36 (-0.95; 1.68)
0.587
-0.27 (-1.80; 1.25)
0.726
Duration of using insulin pen (year)
<1
Ref
Ref
Ref
1-6
0.18 (-0.26; 0.62)
0.424
0.11 (-0.48; 0.70)
0.709
0.16 (-0.46; 0.78)
0.604
>6
0.16 (-0.52; 0.83)
0.653
0.31 (-0.45; 1.06)
0.427
-0.03 (-0.89; 0.83)
0.951
Type of insulin pen
Fast-acting insulin
Ref
Ref
Ref
Intermediate-acting insulin
-0.49 (-0.96; -0.01)
0.044
-0.25 (-1.04; 0.54)
0.531
-0.03 (-0.96; 0.90)
0.956
Long-acting insulin
-0.65 (-1.39; 0.08)
0.080
-0.19 (-1.26; 0.87)
0.723
0.45 (-0.64; 1.54)
0.417
Number of insulin injections per day
1
Ref
Ref
Ref
2
0.03 (-0.65; 0.72)
0.922
-0.22 (-1.20; 0.76)
0.664
-0.52 (-1.29; 0.25)
0.182
3
0.10 (-0.57; 0.78)
0.764
-0.31 (-1.27; 0.65)
0.525
-0.74 (-2.15; 0.67)
0.303
Health counseling services received since your diagnosis
Ever received counseling about insulin pen
No
Ref
Ref
Ref
Yes
-0.17 (-0.77; 0.43)
0.584
0.04 (-0.99; 1.06)
0.947
0.12 (-1.02; 1.25)
0.839
Received counseling about insulin pen from whom
Pharmacist
Ref
Ref
Ref
Nurse
0.15 (-0.45; 0.75)
0.630
-0.73 (-1.30; -0.17)
0.010
-0.11 (-0.78; 0.56)
0.746
Doctor
0.32 (-0.09; 0.75)
0.124
-0.94 (-1.29; -0.60)
<0.001
-0.40 (-0.88; 0.08)
0.102
Frequency of receiving counseling about insulin pen
Only the first time when receiving insulin pen
Ref
Ref
Ref
Several times during the treatment
1.73 (1.53; 1.94)
<0.001
0.26 (-0.001; 0.53)
0.051
1.11 (0.82; 1.39)
<0.001
The last time received counseling about insulin pen (year)
