The Association of Sarcopenia and Visceral Obesity with Lean Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of study participants according to the status of lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

	Total	Lean NAFLD+	Lean NAFLD-
	1,112	369 (33.18%)	743 (66.82%)
Male	641 (57.64%)	197 (53.39%)	444 (59.76%)	0.043
Age (years)				0.990
Current smoking	292 (27.16%)	88 (24.65%)	204 (28.41%)	0.192
Diabetes durations (months)	76.5 (12.0, 138.0)	64.0 (5.5, 127.5)	84.0 (18.0, 149.0)	0.002
Anthropometric indices
SBP (mmHg)				0.002
DBP (mmHg)				<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.6 (21.1, 23.8)	23.4 (22.4, 24.3)	22.0 (20.5, 23.3)	<0.001
WC (cm)				<0.001
HC (cm)	91.0 (88.0, 94.0)	92.3 (90.0, 96.0)	90.0 (86.0, 93.0)	<0.001
SMI (%)				<0.001
Sarcopenia	290 (26.08%)	151 (40.92%)	139 (18.71%)	<0.001
VFA (cm^2)				<0.001
Visceral obesity	345 (31.03%)	175 (47.43%)	170 (22.88%)	<0.001
Biochemical indices
FBG (mmol/L)	7.8 (6.2, 9.6)	7.8 (6.5, 9.3)	8.0 (6.0, 9.7)	0.779
HbA1c (%)	9.9 (8.1, 11.9)	9.8 (8.3, 11.5)	10.0 (8.1, 12.2)	0.193
HOMA-IR	2.16 (1.32, 3.48)	2.70 (1.78, 4.14)	1.82 (1.16, 3.04)	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.65 (1.02, 3.20)	2.02 (1.44, 3.66)	1.42 (0.91, 2.96)	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.34 (3.13, 5.41)	4.65 (3.55, 5.64)	4.23 (2.88, 5.26)	<0.001
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.02 (0.88, 1.20)	0.97 (0.85, 1.12)	1.05 (0.89, 1.25)	<0.001
LDL-c (mmol/L)				<0.001
ALT (IU/L)	23.0 (16.0, 28.0)	28.0 (19.0, 30.3)	21.0 (14.0, 26.7)	<0.001
AST (IU/L)	22.0 (16.0, 25.0)	24.8 (19.0, 27.0)	21.0 (16.0, 23.8)	<0.001
Cr (μmol/L)	65.0 (52.0, 97.0)	65.0 (52.0, 87.0)	65.0 (52.0, 104.8)	0.471
UA (μmol/L)	300.3 (258.0, 330.5)	318.9 (275.3, 351.8)	292.8 (250.5, 319.0)	<0.001

The data were displayed as or as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables or as numbers and percentage for categorical variables. Abbreviations: lean NAFLD: lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; SMI: skeletal muscle mass index; VFA: visceral fat area; FBG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Cr: serum creatinine; UA: uric acid. Definitions: visceral obesity: ; sarcopenia: (SD) below the sex-specific average for a young reference population (male: and female: ).