Perceived Family Stress Predicts Poor Metabolic Control in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Novel Triadic Approach

Table 1

Participants’ characteristics.

HbA1c^a
%		7.9% (1.5)
(mmol/mol)		63.3 (16.8)
Sex^b
Girls		85 (44.7%)
Boys		105 (55.3%)
Other		0 (0%)
Age (years)^a		14.2 (3.1)
Age at diagnosis (years)^a		7.7 (4.0)
Illness duration (years)^a		6.5 (3.9)
Insulin administration^b
Injection		165 (86.8%)
Pump		23 (12.1%)
Other/missing		2 (1.0%)
Living situation
Lives with both biological parents		109 (57.4%)
Does not live with both biological parents		42 (22.1%)
Missing		39 (20.1%)
Participation
Both parents and child		107 (56.3%)
Both parents no child		4 (2.1%)
Mother and child		27 (14.2%)
Father and child		8 (4.2%)
Only mother		5 (2.6%)
Only father		2 (1.1%)
Only child		37 (19.5%)
	Mothers ()	Fathers ()
Education ^b
University	36 (18.9%)	44 (23.2%)
High school	33 (17.4%)	35 (18.4%)
Vocational education (3-4 years)	55 (28.9%)	46 (24.2%)
Vocational education (1-2 years)	7 (3.7%)	6 (3.2%)
Primary education	12 (6.3%)	14 (7.4%)
Unqualified	4 (2.1%)	2 (1.1%)
Missing	43 (22.6%)	43 (22.6%)
	Mothers ()	Fathers ()
Occupation
100% homemaker ^b	35 (18.4%)	4 (2.1%)
Work (other than homemaker)^b	109 (57.4%)	136 (71.6%)
-Work time (%)^a	61.5 (22.8)	96.6 (10.4)
Unemployed, looking for work ^b	3 (1.6%)	3 (1.6%)
Missing	43 (22.6%)	47 (24.7%)

Note: . ^aMean (SD). ^bN (%).