Research Article
Associations of Dietary Antioxidants with Glycated Hemoglobin and Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| | Variables | Type 1 diabetes | Nondiabetic controls | value | | | | Mean or | SD or %§ | Mean or | SD or %§ |
| | Age (years) | 37 | 9 | 39 | 9 | <.0001 | | Sex (female; ) | 316 | 56 | 346 | 50 | 0.03 | | Diabetes duration (years) | 23.5 | 8.9 | — | — | — | | HbA1c (%) | 7.9 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 0.4 | <.0001 | | HbA1c (met <7% goal) | 113 | 20 | N/A | N/A | N/A | | Estimated insulin sensitivity (eIS) | 6.4 | 3.0 | 15.2 | 8.5 | <.0001 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 | 4.3 | 26.2 | 5.0 | 0.92 | | LDL-C (mg/dL) | 101 | 29 | 115 | 33 | <.0001 | | Triacylglycerol (mg/dL) | 93 | 54 | 132 | 103 | <.0001 | | Dietary total calories (kcal/day) | 1766 | 613 | 1822 | 619 | 0.11 | | Dietary carbohydrates (% kcal/day) | 45 | 9 | 48 | 9 | <.0001 | | Dietary fats (% kcal/day) | 35 | 7 | 33 | 7 | <.0001 | | Fruit, veggie, cereal, and meat pattern | 0.06 | 1.35 | -0.06 | 0.56 | 0.07 | | Baked desserts pattern | 0.01 | 1.18 | -0.006 | 0.85 | 0.77 | | Convenience foods and alcohol pattern | -0.04 | 0.86 | 0.03 | 1.11 | 0.22 | | Dietary vitamin C (mg/day) | 121 | 70 | 118 | 71 | 0.36 | | Dietary vitamin E (mg/day) | 5.5# | (4.1-7.5)† | 5.5# | (4.3-7.5)† | 0.53 | | Dietary iron (mg/day) | 19.4 | 15.8 | 18.0 | 12.0 | 0.11 | | Dietary copper (mg/day) | 1.9 | 0.94 | 1.5 | 0.92 | 0.33 | | Dietary zinc (mg/day) | 18.6 | 14.6 | 17.0 | 14.1 | 0.05 | | Dietary selenium (μg/day) | 10.0 | 35.3 | 11.0 | 33.4 | 0.44 | | Dietary manganese (mg/day) | 3.7 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 0.36 | | Dietary carotenoids (μg/day) | 9252# | (4162–11071) † | 8519# | (3996–10508) † | 0.23 |
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§Column percentage. #Median. †Interquartile range (Q1–Q3). in bold font. N/A: not applicable. |
