Associations of Dietary Antioxidants with Glycated Hemoglobin and Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes

Table 2

Cross-sectional associations of dietary antioxidant micronutrients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ().

Variable	Type 1 diabetes	value	Nondiabetic controls	value
Iron
Model 1		0.21		0.82
Model 2		0.18		0.85
Model 3		0.27		0.82
Model 4		0.21		0.74
Copper
Model 1		0.17		0.03
Model 2		0.28		0.11
Model 3		0.30		0.11
Model 4		0.12		0.04
Zinc
Model 1		0.78		0.77
Model 2		0.90		0.70
Model 3		0.79		0.65
Model 4		0.62		0.81
Selenium
Model 1		0.77		0.77
Model 2		0.72		0.78
Model 3		0.59		0.75
Model 4		0.84		0.77
Manganese
Model 1		0.16		0.007
Model 2		0.22		0.04
Model 3		0.44		0.04
Model 4		0.13		0.01
Vitamin C
Model 1		0.72		0.21
Model 2		0.76		0.20
Model 3		0.76		0.19
Model 4		0.69		0.22
Vitamin E
Model 1		0.79		0.20
Model 2		0.89		0.24
Model 3		0.57		0.24
Model 4		0.77		0.20
Carotenoids
Model 1		0.49		0.51
Model 2		0.35		0.49
Model 3		0.24		0.55
Model 4		0.48		0.62

^aModel adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, and total calories for type 1 diabetes; age, sex, and total calories for nondiabetic controls. ^bModel 1 + body mass index. ^cModel 1 + plasma LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. ^dModel 1 + principal component analysis-derived dietary patterns including all food groups (“fruits, veggies, meats, cereal pattern,” “baked desserts pattern,” and “convenience foods and alcohol pattern”). in bold font.