Associations of Dietary Antioxidants with Glycated Hemoglobin and Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes

Table 3

Cross-sectional associations of dietary antioxidant micronutrients with estimated insulin sensitivity ().

Variable	Type 1 diabetes	value	Nondiabetic controls	value
Iron
Model 1^a		0.13		0.73
Model 2^b		0.11		0.71
Model 3^c		0.24		0.86
Model 4^d		0.21		0.90
Copper
Model 1		0.17		0.06
Model 2		0.58		0.05
Model 3		0.22		0.04
Model 4		0.12		0.04
Zinc
Model 1		0.31		0.87
Model 2		0.49		0.92
Model 3		0.35		0.91
Model 4		0.32		0.97
Selenium
Model 1		0.79		0.44
Model 2		0.99		0.33
Model 3		0.99		0.42
Model 4		0.97		0.48
Manganese
Model 1		0.03		0.008
Model 2		0.17		0.03
Model 3		0.15		0.03
Model 4		0.06		0.02
Vitamin C
Model 1		0.12		0.91
Model 2		0.20		0.87
Model 3		0.12		0.97
Model 4		0.13		0.96
Vitamin E
Model 1		0.64		0.18
Model 2		0.47		0.32
Model 3		0.99		0.15
Model 4		0.54		0.18
Carotenoids
Model 1		0.52		0.64
Model 2		0.94		0.55
Model 3		0.97		0.60
Model 4		0.61		0.46

^aModel adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, and total calories for type 1 diabetes; age, sex, and total calories for nondiabetic controls. ^bModel 1 + body mass index. ^cModel 1 + plasma LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. ^dModel 1 + principal component analysis-derived dietary patterns including all food groups (“fruits, veggies, meats, cereal pattern,” “baked desserts pattern,” and “convenience foods and alcohol pattern”). in bold font.