Prenatal Betamethasone Exposure and its Impact on Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Preliminary Study in a Spanish Cohort

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the subjects in the study and control groups.

Characteristics	T1D group	Control group	value
Number, (%)	471 (49.8)	474 (50.2)
Females, (%)	192 (47.8)^†	193 (47.7)^†	0.977^‡
Males, (%)	210 (52.2)^†	212 (52.3)^†	0.977^‡
Age at diagnosis (years, )		NA
Gestation weeks ()			0.0011^§
Birth weight (kg, )			0.389^§
Betamethasone, (%)	21 (4.73)	35 (7.77)	0.0166^‡
Preterm birth (≤36 weeks of gestation), (%)	41 (8.70)	60 (13.07)	0.0145^‡

^†Missing gender accounts for 14.65% (69 patients) in subjects with T1D and 14.56% (69 subjects/participants) in control subjects. Subjects with missing gender have not been considered for gender ratio determination. ^‡Chi-squared test; ^§-test. NA: not applicable; T1D: type 1 diabetes; SD: standard deviation.