A Metabolism-Based Interpretable Machine Learning Prediction Model for Diabetic Retinopathy Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Characteristics of patients with T2D according to DR status.

	Total^a	DR^b	No-DR^c	value^d
	1032	162	870
Age, years	57 (14)	58 (10)	57 (14)	.491
Sex, male	549 (53.2%)	73 (45.1%)	476 (54.7%)	.030
Duration of T2D, years	5 (0-10)	13 (6-20)	4 (0-10)	<.001
Body mass index, kg/m^2	25.3 (3.9)	25.1 (3.3)	25.3 (4.0)	.368
~18.5	27 (2.6%)	1 (0.6%)	26 (3.0%)	.162
18.5 ~ 23.9	352 (34.1%)	64 (39.5%)	288 (33.1%)
24.0 ~ 27.9	430 (41.7%)	66 (40.7%)	364 (41.8%)
28.0 ~	223 (21.6%)	31 (19.1%)	192 (22.1%)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg		145.6 (25.2)	139.5 (23.6)	.004
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg		82.0 (73.3-90.0)	81.0 (74.0-90.0)	.647
Glycosylated hemoglobin, %		9.5 (7.4-11.0)	9.6 (7.8-11.1)	.380
<7		15 (15.8%)	62 (11.6%)	.323
≥7		80 (84.2%)	474 (88.4%)
Missing		67	334
Triglyceride, mmol/L		1.72 (1.14-2.46)	1.66 (1.11-2.37)	.544
<1.70		46 (48.9%)	337 (51.8%)	.676
≥1.70		48 (51.1%)	313 (48.2%)
Missing		68	220
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L		1.04 (0.87-1.31)	1.01 (0.85-1.25)	.254
<1.00 in men or <1.30 in women		57 (60.6%)	429 (66.3%)	.335
≥1.00 in men or ≥1.30 in women		37 (39.4%)	218 (33.7%)
Missing		68	223
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L		2.83 (2.27-3.36)	2.78 (2.20-3.38)	.583
<2.60		269 (41.6%)	38 (40.4%)	.921
≥2.60		378 (58.4%)	56 (59.6%)
Missing		68	223
Total cholesterol, mmol/L		4.84 (4.00-5.66)	4.63 (3.83-5.27)	.043
Serum creatinine, μmol/L		56.65 (48.77-72.49)	60.22 (49.39-74.49)	.314
Current smoking		42 (25.9%)	289 (33.2%)	.083
Current drinking		42 (25.9%)	248 (28.5%)	.565
Antidiabetic agents		137 (84.6%)	730 (83.9%)	.925
Lipid-lowering agents		63 (38.9%)	325 (37.4%)	.778
Hypotensive agents		86 (53.1%)	457 (52.5%)	.964

Notes: data are mean (standard deviation), median (IQR), or (%). ^aAll subjects were analyzed for age, sex, duration of type 2 diabetes, body mass index, and body mass index categories. ^bType 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy. ^cType 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy. ^d values were derived from independent sample Student’s -test for normally distributed variables, Mann–Whitney test for skewed distributions, and Chi-square test (or Fisher’s test if appropriate) for categorical variables. was defined as statistically significant. Abbreviations: T2D: type 2 diabetes; DR: diabetic retinopathy.