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Fibers | Polymer matrix | Enhancement in properties | References |
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Coir | PLA | The impact strength of the matrix is increased by 28% at 3% fiber content. | [95] |
Oil palm | PLA | The impact strength and tensile strength of the matrix are increased by 2% and 5%, respectively, at 30% fiber content. | [96] |
Jute | PLA | The tensile strength and stiffness of the matrix are almost doubled at 40% fiber content. | [97] |
Flax | PLA | There is an increase in tensile stress of the matrix by 5.6% at 30% fiber weight. | [98] |
Hemp | PLA | There is an increase in 21.5% of tensile strength of the matrix at 40% fiber content. | [99] |
Ramie | PLA | The 30% fiber content shows increase in mechanical properties than the matrix. | [100] |
Kenaf | PLA | There is 85.4% increase in tensile strength of the matrix at 70% fiber weight. | [101] |
Sisal | PLA | There is an increase in tensile strength of the composite by 34.7% at 30% short fiber weight than long fiber. | [102] |
Banana | PLA | Tensile strength of the composite almost increases by 15.11% than that of matrix at 20% fiber content. | [103] |
Abaca | PLA | There is an increase in tensile strength and impact strength by 14.8% and 58.4% at 30% fiber content. | [104] |
Pineapple | PLA | Tensile strength of the composite almost doubles at 50% fiber weight than the pure PLA. | [105] |
Agave | PLA | At 40% fiber content, impact strength of the composite increases by 71%. | [106] |
Cotton | PLA | There is an increase in tensile strength and impact strength of the composite by 26.8% and 24.1%, respectively, at 40% fiber content. | [107] |
Loofah | PLA | Tensile strength and impact strength of the composite increases by 16.5% and 19.6%, respectively, at 2% fiber weight. | [108] |
Milk weed | PLA | Tensile strength of milkweed/PLA composite was found to be 48.1 MPa at 8% fiber content which is greater than the pure PLA. | [109] |
Wood | PLA | Impact and tensile of the composite increases by nearly 7.8% and 0.36% at 20% and 40% wood flour content. | [110] |
Rice | PLA | There is an increase in flexural modulus by 15% at 20% rice husk content. | [111] |
Wheat | PLA | Tensile modulus of the composite increased at 30% wheat straw content. Maleated PLA was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the tensile and flexural strength. | [112] |
Oat | PLA-PP | Improved storage modulus of the composite was recorded at 30% fiber content. | [113] |
Rye | PLA | The tensile and impact strength of PLA-rye composite is almost doubled when compared with PP-rye composite. | [114] |
Bamboo | PLA | Impact strength of the composite almost doubled when medium bamboo fibers are used at 40% fiber content. | [115] |
Corn | PLA | There is an increase in tensile strength of the composite by almost 21.7% at 1% fiber content. | [116] |
Sugarcane | PLA | Flexural and elastic modulus of the composite increases by 25.5% and 8.97% at 30% fiber content, respectively. | [117] |
Mesta | PLA | There is a satisfied increase in tensile strength of the composite. Flexural strength of the composite was increased by 25% at 50% fiber content. | [118] |
Esparto | PLA | Reinforcement at fiber content up to 40% fiber content shows superior mechanical and thermal properties. | [119] |
Rape | TPS | Tensile strength of the composite increases by 95% when rapeseed fibers are reinforced. | [120] |
Canary | Epoxy | Various adhesives and pretreatment method have been followed. Out of all, canary with epoxy provides better mechanical properties. | [121] |
Roselle | RF | Tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite increases by 62% for short fibers at 1 : 1.5 ratio of resin. | [122] |
Raphia | Polyester | At 20% fiber loading, microhardness of the composite increases by about 11.67% than the matrix. | [123] |
Kapok | Polyester | In case of kapok hybrid composite, impact strength is increased by 65.2% at 50% kapok fabric and 50% glass. | [124] |
Barley | PP | At 40% fiber content, barley composite shows improved tensile and impact strength than coconut and wood fiber. | [125] |
Maize | PCL | Tensile strength of the composite almost increases by 78% at 66% fiber content. | [126] |
Sabai | Sand | At 1% fiber content, sabai fiber composite shows good benefits. | [127] |
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