Applications of Artificial Intelligence Enhanced Drones in Distress Pavement, Pothole Detection, and Healthcare Monitoring with Service Delivery

Table 4

Digital image technology for potholes detection.

Sr. No.	References	Year	Detection method	Image feature extraction method	Results
1.	She et al. [40]	2021	Laser, digital camera, and CMOS sensor	3D line laser technology	Achieves higher precision and gives sufficiently accurate results
2.	Silva et al. [93]	2020	Digital camera	(MAS) PANGEA with (YOLO) v4	Gives accurate and promising results
3.	Gao et al. [94]	2020	Digital camera	LIBSVM	Gives superior segmentation effects and processing efficiency
4.	Wang et al. [78]	2017	Digital camera	Markov random field model, geometric criteria, and morphological processing	Effectively distinguishes and accurately segments potholes
5.	Li et al. [79]	2016	GPS, stereovision systems, and GPR	Region-based segmentation and morphological operations	Achieves accuracy in results
6.	Koch and Brilakis [81]	2011	Digital camera	Elliptic regression and morphological thinning	Shows reasonable accuracy
7.	Lin and Liu [80]	2010	Digital camera	SVM	Achieves a high recognition rate