A Systematic Review on Potential Bio Leather Substitute for Natural Leather

Table 1

Comparison on mechanical properties of leather and various leather alternatives.

Material type	Material name	TS (N/mm^2)	E (%)	TrS (N/mm)	FR (cycles)	WVP (mg/(cm^2 ∗ h))	WVA (mg/cm^2)	Reference
		ISO 3376	ISO 3376	ISO 3377	ISO 32100	ISO 14268	ISO 17229
Animal leather	Bovine shoe upper	39.5	30–80	82.9	>200,000	4.6	8.4	Meyer et al. [47]
Synthetic leather	PU-coated textile	10.2	—	17	200,000	1.1	1.4
Plant-based leather	Fruit leather	7.74	49.2	19.38	10,000	—	—	[51]
	Pinatex®	4.5	—	31	150,000	2.5	3.8	Meyer et al. [47]
	Desserto®	20.8	—	37.2	30,000	0.5	2.5
	Appleskin™	14	—	18.4	50,000	0.4	1.7
Mycelium leather	Reishi™ high strength	8.8–12.5	55–80	52.6	100,000	—	—	[60]
	Muskin®	0.2	—	0.5	10,000	10.4	6.0	Meyer et al. [47]
	Mylea™	8–11	22–35	24	—	—	—	[61]
Microbial cellulose	Kombucha	9.7	—	5.1	10,000	0.1	9.2	Meyer et al. [47]
Tissue engineered collagen	Chrome tanned bio fabricated leather	19.03	11.43	—	—	—	—	Jakab et al. [35]
	Veg. tanned bio fabricated leather	12.18	1.9	—	—	—	—

TS: tensile strength, E: elongation at break, TrS: tongue tear strength FR: flex resistance, WVP: water vapour permeability, WVA: water vapour absorption.