On Particle Swarm Optimization for MIMO Channel Estimation

Algorithm 2

Cooperative PSO algorithm.

Initialize 𝑁_𝑠 swarms with 𝑁^𝑃 particles

Locate leader

𝑖=1

while  𝑖<𝑖_max or convergence do

 for each swarm do

  for each particle do

   Update position using (1)/(2),  (4)

   Evaluation using  (6)

   Update pBest

  end  for

 end  for

 Update leader

 𝑖++

end  while