Enhancement of Background Subtraction Techniques Using a Second Derivative in Gradient Direction Filter

Table 3

Performance of each technique.

Name	Method	Evaluation performance based on average value
		𝐹-score			Accuracy (%)
		Without SDGD	With SDGD	%im*	Without SDGD	With SDGD	%im*
A1	FD	0.75	0.78	3	98.45	98.47	0.02
	AM	0.69	0.75	6	98.16	98.29	0.13
	RA	0.74	0.77	3	98.42	98.44	0.02
	RGA	0.79	0.81	2	98.42	98.47	0.03
A2	FD	0.78	0.79	1	96.74	96.65	−0.09
	AM	0.80	0.81	1	97.31	97.14	−0.17
	RA	0.76	0.78	2	96.91	96.83	−0.08
	RGA	0.76	0.77	1	95.75	95.65	−0.10
B1	FD	0.68	0.74	6	97.99	98.12	0.13
	AM	0.71	0.76	5	98.22	98.37	0.15
	RA	0.71	0.76	5	98.25	98.38	0.13
	RGA	0.64	0.68	4	97.47	97.51	0.04
C1	FD	0.84	0.85	1	95.64	95.69	0.05
	AM	0.79	0.80	1	94.87	95.03	0.16
	RA	0.57	0.65	8	91.69	92.17	0.48
	RGA	0.8	0.81	1	94.95	95.07	0.12
D1	FD	0.68	0.71	3	97.84	98.07	0.23
	AM	0.71	0.75	4	98.13	98.37	0.22
	RA	0.71	0.74	3	98.14	98.36	0.22
	RGA	0.70	0.74	4	98.04	98.25	0.21
E1	FD	0.80	0.81	1	96.66	96.69	0.03
	AM	0.80	0.81	1	96.70	96.71	0.01
	RA	0.80	0.81	1	96.69	96.70	0.01
	RGA	0.68	0.77	9	96.45	96.50	0.05

∗im: percent improvement.