Optimal Decision-Making on Hybrid Off-Grid Energy Systems for Rural and Remote Areas Electrification in the Northern Cameroon

Table 4

Energy balance and carbon dioxide emissions of the different systems’ configurations considered.

Site	Scenario	PV production (kWh/y)	Wind production (kWh/y)	DG production (kWh/y)	Total energy production (kWh/y)	Load demand (kWh/y)	Renewable penetration (%)	CO2 emissions (kg/y)
GAROUA	PV/battery	82841	—	—	82841	46418	100	0
	PV/wind/battery	104249	886	—	105135	46418	100	0
	PV/wind/DG	47990	886	27944	76820	46418	39.8	24230
	PV/DG	47990	—	28363	76353	46418	38.9	24504
	Wind/DG	—	927	45491	46418	46418	2	38994
	DG	—	—	46418	46418	46818	0	39566
	DG/battery	—	—	51430	51430	46418	0	39296
	PV/DG/wind/battery	67773	927	2108	70808	46418	95.5	1869
	Wind/DG/battery		21259	32968	54227	46418	29	25407
	PV/DG/battery	69112	—	2041	71153	46418	95.6	1809
MAROUA	PV/battery	87103	—	—	87103	46418	100	0
	PV/wind/battery	120278	1972	—	122250	46418	100	0
	PV/wind/DG	36293	27611	19529	83433	46418	57.9	17858
	PV/DG	47181	—	28132	75313	46418	39.4	24295
	Wind/DG	—	49306	23924	73230	46418	48.5	21914
	DG	—	—	46418	46418	46818	0	39566
	DG/battery	—	—	51430	51430	46418	0	39296
	PV/DG/wind/battery	66463	1972	1591	70026	46418	96.6	1426
	Wind/DG/battery	—	17195	53250	70445	46418	63	13366
	PV/DG/battery	67142	—	1727	68869	46418	96.3	1536
NGAOUNDÉRÉ	PV/battery	142674	—	—	142674	46418	100	0
	PV/wind/battery	141807	905	—	142712	46418	100	0
	PV/wind/DG	50547	905	27962	79414	46418	39.8	24264
	PV/DG	50547	—	28380	78927	46418	38.9	24534
	Wind/DG	—	905	45517	46422	46418	1.9	39008
	DG	—	—	46418	46418	46818	0	39566
	DG/battery	—	—	51064	51064	46418	0	39234
	PV/DG/wind/battery	75233	905	1871	78009	46418	96	1663
	Wind/DG/battery	—	17189	35966	53155	46418	22.5	27646
	PV/DG/battery	74136	—	2292	76428	46418	95.1	2025