Forecasting of Ionospheric Total Electron Content Data Using Multivariate Deep LSTM Model for Different Latitudes and Solar Activity

Table 3

Hyperparameters for the LSTM model.

Hyperparameters	Values
Number of LSTM layers	1
The number of LSTM cells	100
Optimizer	Adam
Learning rate	0.001
Batch size	32
Number of epochs	100
Regularization (dropout rate)	0.2
Loss function	MSE
Activation function (dense layer)	Leaky ReLU