Built Environment and Its Influences on Walking among Older Women: Use of Standardized Geographic Units to Define Urban Forms

Table 3

Estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of variables with walking.

Variable	Adjusted OR	95% CI	𝑃-value
Built environment			<0.01
Cluster 1: central city	Reference
Cluster 2: city periphery	0.69	(0.55, 0.85)
Cluster 3: suburb	0.69	(0.50, 0.95)
Cluster 4: urban fringe w/poor commercial area access	0.40	(0.18, 0.88)
Cluster 5: urban fringe w/poor park area access	0.98	(0.52, 1.84)
Cluster 6: satellite city	0.53	(0.16, 1.71)
Percent live alone population in poverty, 1989	0.28	(0.11, 0.70)	<0.01
Age	0.95	(0.93, 0.96)	<0.01
Education level			<0.01
12 years or less	Reference
More than 12 years	1.32	(1.08, 1.62)
Self-rated health			<0.01
Excellent/good	Reference
Fair/poor/very poor	0.52	(0.41, 0.67)
Smoking			0.04
0 pack-years	Reference
1–40 pack-years	0.88	(0.70, 1.11)
More than 40 pack-years	0.66	(0.48, 0.92)
Exercise (kcal per week)			<0.01
2500 kcal or less	Reference
More than 2500 kcal	2.49	(1.84, 3.37)
BMI			<0.01
Underweight/normal (less than 25.0)	Reference
Overweight (25.0–29.9)	0.83	(0.66, 1.03)
Obese (30.0 or above)	0.59	(0.46, 0.77)
Stroke			0.01
No history of stroke	Reference
With history of stroke	0.57	(0.37, 0.88)