Land Use Land Cover Changes in Detection of Water Quality: A Study Based on Remote Sensing and Multivariate Statistics

Table 5

Mean (and standard deviation) values of water quality data along the Malacca River for years 2001, 2009, and 2015 ().

Category	Unit	Mean/SD
		S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	S9
pH	—	6.95; 0.54	6.71; 0.34	6.60; 0.31	6.69; 0.43	6.73; 0.29	6.74; 0.37	7.16; 0.57	6.79; 0.46	6.71; 0.41
Temp	°C	28.16; 1.39	28.39; 1.62	28.10; 1.49	27.83; 1.50	27.69; 1.33	27.72; 1.27	28.47; 1.10	29.12; 1.70	28.43; 1.09
Sal	%	15.58; 10.62	3.22; 4.84	1.38; 2.65	0.19; 0.33	0.04; 0.03	0.04; 0.02	15.89; 11.69	0.22; 0.19	0.04; 0.03
EC	µS/cm	19675.85; 15404.51	669.08; 804.15	751.91; 1153.24	149.84; 128.93	131.26; 84.43	94.81; 38.87	21440.05; 17392.75	575.97; 452.25	421.67; 597.87
TSS	mg/l	87.22; 98.09	50.44; 55.81	92.31; 60.05	137.89; 127.04	172.25; 176.29	168.11; 156.76	103.11; 98.85	38.25; 14.56	110.61; 99.65
DS	mg/l	11596.37; 9874.23	496.24; 547.70	367.15; 488.24	136.13; 168.28	53.87; 23.44	55.05; 22.50	6342.73; 9143.48	741.55; 2557.64	102.86; 115.34
Tur	NTU	115.93; 137.47	72.32; 75.14	298.37; 356.98	170.26; 196.22	220.29; 227.55	180.42; 156.13	57.86; 61.15	120.63; 146.48	174.35; 191.67
BOD	mg/l	5.36; 3.42	7.14; 3.49	4.83; 2.37	3.94; 1.82	3.97; 1.59	4.11; 1.45	5.61; 1.86	8.64; 1.82	4.69; 2.35
COD	mg/l	40.86; 23.79	39.53; 19.64	31.72; 12.46	24.56; 12.60	26.83; 11.46	21.94; 4.93	33.86; 16.44	41.69; 16.47	25.36; 8.36
DO	mg/l	3.03; 1.61	3.17; 1.54	3.94; 1.74	5.26; 1.32	5.82; 1.11	6.04; 0.95	4.21; 1.25	4.35; 2.43	5.96; 0.74
NH3N	mg/l	1.91; 1.95	2.64; 1.68	1.54; 1.11	0.42; 0.33	0.32; 0.27	0.38; 0.33	1.95; 1.86	3.64; 2.17	0.48; 0.26
As	mg/l	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00
Hg	mg/l	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00
Cd	mg/l	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00
Cr	mg/l	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.01	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00	0.00; 0.00
Pb	mg/l	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00	0.01; 0.00
Zn	mg/l	0.04; 0.03	0.03; 0.02	0.04; 0.03	0.04; 0.03	0.04; 0.03	0.04; 0.03	0.04; 0.02	0.04; 0.02	0.04; 0.03
Fe	mg/l	0.23; 0.32	0.45; 0.38	0.72; 0.60	1.00; 0.69	0.81; 0.59	0.85; 0.76	0.21; 0.26	0.72; 0.54	0.85; 0.51
Total coliform	Count/100 ml	413219.44; 489224.47	308180.56; 253164.67	295641.67; 394028.86	372263.89; 665998.32	246772.22; 331636.34	280902.78; 304712.75	110611.11; 106139.77	153483.33; 89787.51	113047.22; 87121.27
E. coli	Count/100 ml	73322.22; 60836.76	45211.11; 42416.73	26426.86; 31735.22	11952.08; 16765.82	8181.39; 7885.95	31202.78; 48253.61	14315.08; 16147.08	31331.94; 35706.19	22167.50; 33138.80

Tur means turbidity; DS means dissolved solid; Con means electrical conductivity; Sal means salinity; Temp means temperature; DO means dissolved oxygen; BOD means biological oxygen demand; COD means chemical oxygen demand; TSS means total suspended solids; pH means acidic or basic water; NH₃N means ammoniacal nitrogen; E. coli means Escherichia coliform; Coli means coliform; As means arsenic; Hg means mercury; Cd means cadmium; Cr means chromium; Pb means lead; Zn means zinc; Fe means iron; SD means standard deviation; S1 to S9 means Station 1 to Station 9.