Land Use Land Cover Changes in Detection of Water Quality: A Study Based on Remote Sensing and Multivariate Statistics

Table 9

ANOVA between LULC classes changes with water quality in 2001, 2009, and 2015.

Parameter (unit)	LULC classes (ha)			ANOVA results
	Built-up area	Vegetation	Open space	DF	F	value
E. coli (cfu/100 ml)	181.14	88.22	45.00	2	13.43	0.0001
Total coliform (cfu/100 ml)	219.63	80.71	55.53	2	14.48	0.0000
Turbidity (NTU)	64.35	28.75	7.10	2	9.77	0.0001
Dissolved solid (mg/l)	111.46	59.81	12.77	2	2.65	0.0773
Electrical conductivity (uS)	78.71	22.57	6.01	2	7.54	0.0001
Salinity (ppt)	1.773	0.891	0.221	2	2.33	0.0243
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)	15.72	8.61	2.22	2	1.38	0.1634
Biochemical oxygen demand (mg/l)	21.34	19.18	7.46	2	11.71	0.0000
Chemical oxygen demand (mg/l)	68.47	32.21	18.59	2	9.63	0.0001
Total suspended solid (mg/l)	54.98	47.33	12.76	2	6.66	0.0001
Arsenic (mg/l)	0.0015	0.0007	0.0005	2	19.27	0.0000
Mercury (mg/l)	0.0017	0.0013	0.0007	2	25.85	0.0000
Zinc (mg/l)	0.0156	0.0120	0.0090	2	4.26	0.0178
Iron (mg/l)	0.34	0.18	0.12	2	10.16	0.0000

One-way ANOVA with is significant.