Adverse Childhood Experiences, Health‐Related Quality of Life, and Chronic Disease Risks in Rural Areas of the United States

Table 1

Description of the study sample (unweighted n, weighted %), 2011-2012 BRFSS, 9 US states.

Demographic Characteristics	Total			Rural			Urban
	Number	%	SE	Number	%	SE	Number	%	SE	p-value
Age (years)
18-24	3,591	12.4	0.26	679	7.4	0.42	801	7.7	0.37	<.001
25-34	7,437	15.9	0.24	1,764	9.8	0.34	2,212	10.3	0.30
35-44	9,945	16.9	0.24	2,965	14.9	0.40	4,498	16.9	0.35
45-54	14,756	19.4	0.23	5,142	20.1	0.41	6,859	21.6	0.37
55-64	18,511	16.7	0.19	7,549	20.8	0.37	8,946	20.0	0.32
≥65	24,980	18.7	0.18	11,230	27.0	0.39	12,513	23.5	0.32
Sex
Male	32,387	48.3	0.31	11,656	46.4	0.52	13,659	45.1	0.45	0.0618
Female	47,423	51.7	0.31	17,865	53.6	0.52	22,482	54.9	0.45
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic (NH)	67,962	80.1	0.26	26,081	88.4	0.34	30,693	81.5	0.38	<.001
Black, NH	4,257	8.8	0.18	655	4.2	0.22	2,505	8.4	0.25
Asian, NH	797	2.3	0.11	71	0.5	0.09	514	3.1	0.18
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, N	120	0.1	0.03	44	0.1	0.03	52	0.2	0.06
American Indian/Alaska Native, NH	1,695	1.5	0.07	1,113	2.1	0.12	321	1.1	0.11
Other, NH	533	0.6	0.05	178	0.4	0.05	254	0.6	0.06
Multirace, NH	1,303	1.4	0.07	459	1.1	0.10	550	1.2	0.10
Hispanic	2,526	5.3	0.16	680	3.1	0.21	977	3.9	0.22
Veteran Status
Yes	10,455	11.6	0.18	4,076	13.0	0.32	4,937	12.8	0.27	0.603
No	69,323	88.4	0.18	25,435	87.0	0.32	31,189	87.2	0.27
Marital Status
Married	43,806	54.3	0.30	16,954	61.9	0.51	20,064	61.6	0.44	<.001
Divorced/Separated	12,731	12.7	0.18	4,501	11.8	0.30	5,828	11.0	0.23
Widowed	10,191	6.8	0.11	4,701	9.7	0.22	5,020	8.3	0.18
Never Married	10,712	22.3	0.30	2,701	14.1	0.47	4,288	16.2	0.42
Unmarried Couple	2,096	3.9	0.13	587	2.5	0.18	789	2.9	0.17
Education
Never Attended School	93	0.2	0.03	40	0.3	0.06	32	0.2	0.04	<.001
<High School	5,898	12.2	0.24	2,559	14.9	0.46	2,243	9.9	0.33
High School Graduate	23,177	30.1	0.28	9,954	35.2	0.49	9,305	27.7	0.41
Some College	22,891	32.6	0.29	8,203	30.8	0.47	10,257	32.2	0.43
College	27,614	24.8	0.23	8,714	18.8	0.33	14,241	30.1	0.37
Income
<$15,000	7,183	10.1	0.20	2,959	9.9	0.31	2,684	7.1	0.23	<.001
$15,000 to less than $25,000	12,666	19.0	0.27	5,213	20.9	0.47	5,028	15.0	0.36
$25,000 to less than $35,000	9,052	12.9	0.22	3,695	14.5	0.38	3,833	12.0	0.31
$35,000 to less than $50,000	11,272	15.7	0.23	4,525	17.5	0.40	4,825	15.0	0.33
≥$50,000	29,225	42.4	0.31	9,290	37.1	0.52	14,793	50.9	0.48
Employment Status
Employed or Self-Employed	40,948	57.7	0.30	13,900	53.0	0.51	17,481	54.2	0.44	<.001
Out of Work	4,292	7.1	0.17	1,306	5.8	0.27	1,909	6.3	0.22
Homemaker/Student	6,317	11.0	0.22	2,138	8.7	0.33	2,727	10.7	0.33
Retired	22,790	17.9	0.18	9,902	24.8	0.38	11,624	22.8	0.32
Unable to Work	5,264	6.3	0.14	2,192	7.8	0.27	2,314	5.9	0.20
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Live with Anyone Depressed, Mentally Ill, Suicidal
Yes	12,447	17.0	0.24	3,978	13.7	0.37	5,597	15.9	0.34	<.001
No	66,727	83.0	0.24	25,304	86.3	0.37	30,254	84.2	0.34
Live with problem drinker or alcoholic
Yes	19,086	24.7	0.27	6,809	22.9	0.44	8,493	23.6	0.38	0.197
No	60,281	75.3	0.27	22,556	77.1	0.44	27,437	76.4	0.38
Live with someone who used illegal street drugs or who abused prescription medications
Yes	6,188	10.6	0.20	1,812	8.0	0.32	2,538	8.4	0.26	0.269
No	73,196	89.4	0.20	27,570	92.0	0.32	33,416	91.6	0.26
Lived with Anyone who Served Time in Correctional Facility
Yes	4,096	7.9	0.19	1,195	5.7	0.28	1,610	5.9	0.24	0.713
No	75,448	92.1	0.19	28,227	94.3	0.28	34,424	94.1	0.24
Experienced Parental Separation or Divorce
Yes	16,540	26.3	0.28	5,311	20.6	0.44	7,020	22.5	0.40	<.001
No	62,219	72.4	0.29	23,925	78.8	0.45	28,618	76.3	0.40
Parents Not Married	591	1.2	0.08	127	0.6	0.07	291	1.2	0.12
Witnessed Parents or Adults in Home Slap, Hit, Kick, Punch, or Beat Each Other
Never	66,379	83.0	0.24	24,749	84.5	0.38	30,309	84.6	0.33	0.833
Once	3,092	4.5	0.13	1,069	4.2	0.21	1,403	4.3	0.19
More than Once	9,015	12.6	0.21	3,203	11.3	0.33	3,839	11.1	0.28
Being Slapped, Hit, Kicked, Punched or Beat by Parents or Adults in the Home
Never	67,042	83.6	0.23	25,095	85.4	0.38	30,588	85.1	0.33	0.428
Once	2,976	4.0	0.12	1,002	3.6	0.20	1,337	4.0	0.18
More than Once	8,997	12.4	0.21	3,111	11.0	0.34	3,892	10.9	0.29
Being Sworn at, Insulted, or Put Down by Parents or Adults in the Home
Never	53,335	65.2	0.30	20,444	69.5	0.49	24,326	66.9	0.43	0.000
Once	4,726	7.2	0.17	1,610	6.5	0.29	2,095	7.0	0.26
More than Once	20,397	27.6	0.28	6,978	24.1	0.45	9,083	26.2	0.40
Being Touched Sexually by Adult or Anyone at Least 5 Years Older
Never	70,473	90.2	0.18	26,197	90.9	0.29	31,925	90.6	0.25	0.631
Once	2,959	3.5	0.11	1,042	3.4	0.19	1,400	3.5	0.15
More than Once	5,238	6.3	0.15	1,861	5.7	0.23	2,311	6.0	0.20
Being Made to Touch Sexually an Adult or Anyone at Least 5 Years Older than Respondents
Never	72,950	92.7	0.16	27,119	93.6	0.26	33,118	93.4	0.21	0.580
Once	2,125	2.7	0.10	727	2.3	0.17	974	2.6	0.14
More than Once	3,628	4.6	0.13	1,272	4.1	0.20	1,567	4.1	0.17
Being Forced to Have Sex with An Adult or Anyone at Least 5 Years Older than Respondent
Never	75,447	95.7	0.13	27,998	96.4	0.19	34,261	96.3	0.17	0.806
Once	1,115	1.6	0.08	388	1.2	0.11	466	1.3	0.10
More than Once	2,142	2.8	0.10	731	2.3	0.16	927	2.4	0.13