Adverse Childhood Experiences, Health‐Related Quality of Life, and Chronic Disease Risks in Rural Areas of the United States

Table 2

Distribution of ACE scores by sociodemographic characteristics in rural and urban areas of the United States, 2011-2012 BRFSS, 9 states (unweighted n, weighted %).

RURAL (n=29,521)	ACE Score 0; n=13,521; (%)	SE	ACE Score 1; n=6,320; (%)	SE	ACE Score 2; n=3,446; (%)	SE	ACE Score 3; n=2,160; (%)	SE	ACE Score 4+; n=4,074; (%)	SE	p-value
Age (years)
18-24	7.0	0.64	5.7	0.71	9.6	1.56	7.1	1.45	9.4	1.07	<.001
25-34	7.8	0.45	10.5	0.77	9.6	0.94	11.6	1.26	14.3	1.11
35-44	10.8	0.50	16.2	0.92	16.6	1.22	20.1	1.65	21.7	1.25
45-54	17.1	0.56	21.3	0.90	23.1	1.30	19.4	1.44	25.6	1.17
55-64	21.3	0.57	19.8	0.76	21.4	1.13	23.7	1.41	19.2	0.99
≥65	36.1	0.66	26.6	0.84	19.7	0.99	18.3	1.19	9.8	0.61
Sex
Male	47.3	0.76	49.2	1.09	47.2	1.60	45.5	1.89	39.3	1.44	<.001
Female	52.8	0.76	50.8	1.09	52.8	1.60	54.5	1.89	60.7	1.44
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic (NH)	89.8	0.48	88.3	0.8	88.6	0.94	86.1	1.44	85.4	1.00	<.001
Black, NH	4.2	0.29	5.3	0.64	3.6	0.54	4.3	0.82	3.4	0.57
Asian, NH	0.7	0.17	0.4	0.18	0.4	0.28	0.6	0.30	0.1	0.03
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, NH	0.1	0.02	0.1	0.03	0.1	0.07	0.1	0.10	0.3	0.18
American Indian/Alaska Native, NH	1.5	0.12	1.7	0.21	2.3	0.36	4.5	0.91	3.7	0.38
Other, NH	0.3	0.06	0.5	0.11	0.3	0.12	0.3	0.09	0.7	0.18
Multirace, NH	0.6	0.12	0.6	0.13	1.4	0.33	1.3	0.45	2.7	0.43
Hispanic	3.0	0.33	3.0	0.43	3.3	0.57	2.8	0.76	3.8	0.63
Veteran Status
Yes	13.2	0.47	13.5	0.68	12.9	1.00	13.0	1.13	12.0	0.89	0.749
No	86.8	0.47	86.5	0.68	87.1	1.00	87.0	1.13	88.0	0.89
Marital Status
Married	64.4	0.74	63.9	1.07	61.6	1.60	59.5	1.85	53.1	1.43	<.001
Divorced/Separated	8.6	0.35	11.4	0.62	13.2	0.90	14.9	1.18	19.7	1.13
Widowed	12.6	0.37	8.5	0.44	7.2	0.56	8.0	0.76	5.3	0.46
Never Married	12.7	0.69	14.0	0.94	15.5	1.60	15.1	1.65	16.7	1.26
Unmarried Couple	1.7	0.23	2.2	0.41	2.6	0.42	2.6	0.53	5.2	0.63
Education
Never Attended School	0.3	0.09	0.5	0.22	0.2	0.10	0.0	0.00	0.2	0.08	<.001
<High School	14.1	0.68	13.8	0.93	15.2	1.45	12.0	1.39	20.2	1.38
High School Graduate	36.0	0.71	35.6	1.03	35.7	1.50	35.1	1.83	32.2	1.31
Some College	29.5	0.68	30.2	1.00	31.4	1.50	34.2	1.77	33.7	1.30
College	20.1	0.51	20.0	0.73	17.5	0.90	18.8	1.19	13.8	0.77
Income
<$15,000	8.5	0.44	8.7	0.6	9.0	0.83	11.6	1.32	15.7	0.97	<.001
$15,000 to less than $25,000	20.3	0.69	19.9	0.98	20.8	1.38	19.0	1.59	25.1	1.42
$25,000 to less than $35,000	14.7	0.56	15.4	0.86	15.3	1.20	14.7	1.41	12.2	0.95
$35,000 to less than $50,000	18.5	0.63	16.8	0.81	16.5	1.03	17.4	1.53	16.5	1.03
>$50,000	38.0	0.78	39.2	1.12	38.4	1.55	37.4	1.88	30.5	1.35
Employment Status
Employed or Self-Employed	50.5	0.75	54.1	1.08	56.1	1.57	56.4	1.83	54.4	1.40	<.001
Out of Work	3.2	0.30	6.0	0.59	7.1	0.95	8.4	1.10	10.9	0.93
Homemaker/Student	8.8	0.47	8.3	0.68	9.3	1.18	8.6	1.16	8.7	0.78
Retired	32.0	0.63	25.2	0.82	19.2	0.98	17.4	1.16	10.2	0.64
Unable to Work	5.4	0.36	6.5	0.51	8.3	0.80	9.2	1.00	15.9	1.01
URBAN; (n=36,141)	ACE Score 0; n=15,457; (%)	SE	ACE Score 1; n=8,057; (%)	SE	ACE Score 2; n=4,510; (%)	SE	ACE Score 3; n=2,823; (%)	SE	ACE Score 4+; n=5,294; (%)	SE	p-value
Age (years)
18-24	6.2	0.55	8.3	0.79	1.2	0.81	6.3	1.07	9.3	0.97	<.001
25-34	8.4	0.43	9.1	0.58	1.0	0.74	10.9	1.12	15.1	0.86
35-44	14.1	0.50	17.8	0.77	1.0	0.73	19.9	1.30	20.7	1.00
45-54	19.1	0.54	21.9	0.82	1.0	0.76	23.7	1.32	25.9	0.98
55-64	20.3	0.51	20.1	0.66	0.8	0.70	23.1	1.22	18.9	0.79
≥65	31.8	0.57	22.9	0.7	0.9	0.60	16.1	0.95	9.9	0.55
Sex
Male	46.5	0.69	47.5	0.96	47.4	1.30	41.6	0.39	37.5	1.18	<.001
Female	53.5	0.69	52.5	0.96	52.6	1.30	58.4	0.45	62.5	1.18
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic (NH)	83.4	0.54	81.2	0.85	79.6	1.18	1.2	0.52	78.3	1.07	<.001
Black, NH	7.2	0.35	9.0	0.58	8.3	0.70	1.0	0.40	9.8	0.79
Asian, NH	4.4	0.34	3.4	0.45	1.9	0.33	0.3	0.08	1.1	0.28
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, NH	0.1	0.03	0.1	0.06	0.6	0.36	0.1	0.19	0.4	0.20
American Indian/Alaska Native, NH	0.6	0.10	0.8	0.14	1.4	0.33	0.3	0.60	2.7	0.54
Other, NH	0.6	0.12	0.4	0.09	0.9	0.22	0.2	0.68	0.6	0.12
Multi, NH	0.6	0.09	0.8	0.13	1.8	0.39	0.2	0.34	3.0	0.42
Hispanic	3.0	0.27	4.3	0.55	5.6	0.86	0.6	0.13	4.2	0.48
Veteran Status
Yes	13.8	0.44	11.8	0.50	12.7	0.75	13.3	1.01	11.7	0.71	0.024
No	86.2	0.44	88.2	0.50	87.4	0.75	86.7	1.01	88.3	0.71
Marital Status
Married	65.3	0.66	61.9	0.95	58.6	1.32	60.1	1.55	54.5	1.17	<.001
Divorced/Separated	8.9	0.31	10.2	0.47	10.9	0.63	14.2	1.11	16.0	0.68
Widowed	10.8	0.31	7.9	0.37	7.1	0.50	6.9	0.70	4.2	0.32
Never Married	13.2	0.60	17.6	0.91	19.7	1.30	14.8	1.19	20.0	1.12
Unmarried Couple	1.8	0.20	2.4	0.33	3.7	0.58	4.0	0.64	5.4	0.61
Education
Never Attended School	0.2	0.06	0.1	0.07	0.0	0.02	0.5	0.29	0.0	0.02	<.001
<High School	8.5	0.46	9.5	0.69	9.2	0.88	11.2	1.19	13.7	1.01
High School Graduate	28.1	0.62	27.5	0.86	26.9	1.24	28.0	1.51	27.1	1.02
Some College	29.8	0.64	32.0	0.92	34.1	1.22	32.8	1.45	37.0	1.13
College	33.4	0.60	30.8	0.8	29.8	1.06	27.5	1.22	22.1	0.84
Income
<$15,000	5.2	0.29	6.8	0.54	7.1	0.69	8.2	0.79	11.6	0.66	<.001
$15,000 to less than $25,000	14.3	0.51	13.1	0.76	14.1	1.05	16.4	1.32	19.8	1.07
$25,000 to less than $35,000	12.3	0.47	11.4	0.62	12.8	0.94	11.1	1.01	11.7	0.86
$35,000 to less than $50,000	15.8	0.54	14.5	0.65	14.3	0.93	15.7	1.23	14.0	0.79
>$50,000	52.4	0.74	54.3	1.02	51.7	1.39	48.6	1.62	42.9	1.19
Employment Status
Employed or Self-Employed	52.0	0.68	55.8	0.95	57.5	1.26	56.7	1.56	53.9	1.16	<.001
Out of Work	4.0	0.26	6.0	0.48	6.7	0.63	8.8	0.96	11.2	0.72
Homemaker/Student	10.2	0.51	10.9	0.73	11.0	0.96	9.0	1.01	12.4	0.87
Retired	30.1	0.56	22.5	0.70	18.9	0.85	16.9	0.99	10.6	0.58
Unable to Work	3.8	0.23	4.8	0.39	6.0	0.52	8.6	0.97	11.9	0.72