The Role of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Preventive Medicine: A Perspective from Portugal Primary Health-Care Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

Table 1

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (adapted from Mendis et al. [6]).

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Nonmodifiable

 (i) Sex

 (ii) Familial history

 (iii) Genetic disposition

 (iv) Race

 (v) Age

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Other modifiable risk factors

 (i) Poverty

 (ii) Psychological factors

 (iii) Psychosocial stress

 (iv) Alcohol abuse

 (v) Some medications

 (vi) Lipoprotein (a)

 (vii) Left ventricular hypertrophy

Modifiable

 (i) Arterial hypertension

 (ii) Lipid disorders (LDL-cholesterol)

 (iii) Tobacco

 (iv) Overweight and Obesity

 (v) Unhealthy diet

 (vi) Sedentary

 (vii) Diabetes mellitus

New risk factors

 (i) Excess homocysteine

 (ii) Inflammation

 (iii) Disorders of blood coagulation

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