[Retracted] Analysis of the Effectiveness of International Law in Global Environmental Relations from the Perspective of International Institutional Theory

Table 1

Differences between the three international conventions on bills of lading.

	《Hague rule》	《Visby rules》	《Hamburg rules》
Liability of carrier	Imperfect liabilities for negligence (The so-called principle of negligence refers to the principle of responsibility if there is a fault and no responsibility if there is no fault. The civil law of general countries mostly adopts this principle as the basis).	No amendments were added
The limitation of liability for carrier (from hague rules to hamburg rules, the maximum amount of compensation per unit of goods has been increased in turn)	The amount of compensation of the owner or carrier for loss of or damage to the goods or in connection with the goods shall not exceed £ 100 per piece or unit or the equivalent currency of £ 100.	Increase the maximum amount of compensation to 10000 gold francs per piece or unit or 30 gold francs per kilogram based on the gross weight of the lost or damaged goods, whichever is higher. At the same time, it is clear that a gold franc is a unit containing 66.5 mg of gold and 90 per 1000 purity	Increase the maximum liability of the carrier to 835 SDRs per package or freight unit or 2.5 SDRs per kilogram, whichever is higher.
Container	The goods are measured by each piece or unit, and the container problem is not specified	When the bill of lading indicates the number of packages or pieces of goods in the means of transport, each small piece of goods contained in the container or pallet shall be taken as the unit; when the bill of lading does not specify the specific number of goods, one container or one pallet shall be used as one piece of goods for compensation.