Manganese, Iron, Lead, and Zinc Levels and Haematological Profile among Welders in Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai District, Ghana

Table 1

Demography of study population stratified by welders and nonwelders (type of work).

Variable	Total (%)	Welders (%)	Non-welders (%)	value	OR
Gender
Male	79 (98.75)	40 (100)	39 (97.5)	0.314	3.08
Female	1 (1.25)	0 (0)	1 (2.5)	0.314	0.33
Age
41 plus	8 (10.00)	1 (2.5)	7 (17.5)	0.025	0.12
36–40	9 (11.25)	5 (12.5)	4 (10.0)	0.724	1.29
31–35	6 (7.50)	6 (15.0)	0 (0.0)	0.011	15.26
26–30	8 (10.00)	3 (7.5)	5 (12.5)	0.456	0.57
21–25	29 (36.25)	16 (40.0)	13 (13.5)	0.485	1.39
15–20	20 (25.00)	9 (22.5)	11 (27.5)	0.606	0.77
Religion
Islam	10 (12.50)	6 (15.0)	4 (10.0)	0.499	1.59
Christianity	69 (86.25)	34 (85.0)	35 (87.5)	0.745	0.81
Atheist	1 (1.25)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.5)	0.314	0.33
Educational status
Basic	6 (7.50)	4 (10.0)	2 (5.0)	0.400	2.11
Secondary	56 (70.00)	27 (67.5)	29 (72.5)	0.626	0.79
Post sec	17 (21.25)	9 (22.5)	8 (20.0)	0.785	1.61
Tertiary	1 (1.25)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.5)
Marital status
Single	48 (60.00)	25 (62.5)	23 (57.5)	0.642	1.23
Married	32 (40.00)	15 (37.5)	17 (42.5)	0.648	0.81
Household size
1 to 2	17 (21.25)	7 (17.5)	10 (25.0)	0.412	0.64
3 to 4	18 (22.50)	10 (25.0)	8 (20.0)	0.592	1.33
5 to 6	12 (15.00)	6 (15.0)	6 (15.0)	1.000	1.00
7 and above	33 (41.25)	17 (42.5)	16 (40.0)	0.820	1.11
Number of dependants
1 to 2	36 (45.00)	16 (40.0)	20 (50.0)	0.369	0.67
3 to 4	16 (20.00)	8 (20.0)	8 (8.0)	1.000	1.00
5 to 6	11 (13.75)	3 (7.5)	8 (20.0)	0.105	0.32
7 and above	7 (8.75)	3 (7.5)	4 (10.0)	0.692	0.73
Housing
Family house	20 (25.00)	10 (25.0)	10 (25.0)	1.000	1.00
Rented	42 (52.50)	20 (50.0)	22 (55.0)	0.654	0.82
Owned	14 (17.50)	8 (20.0)	6 (15.0)	0.556	1.42
Perching	4 (5.00)	2 (5.0)	2 (5.0)	1.000	1.00

value: univariate value; ^# value: multivariate value; OR: odds ratio.