Improvements of Physical Activity Performance and Motivation in Adult Men through Augmented Reality Approach: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Maximal isokinetic muscle strength muscle endurance within and between-group comparison.

Measurement	Group	Pretest	Posttest		Effect size
Knee extension strength (60°/s; Nm)	MVFT group	121.00 ± 52.14	129.25 ± 47.88^b	0.036	0.158
	TBT group	165.42 ± 48.20	196.42 ± 47.21^c	0.003	0.643
	ART group	177.08 ± 42.60	216.67 ± 32.91^b,d	0.001	0.928
	Control group	137.17 ± 53.73	137.42 ± 53.45^c,d	0.339	0.004
Knee extension endurance (Nm)	MVFT group	402.92 ± 127.41	407.00 ± 124.58^b	0.012	0.032
	TBT group	410.25 ± 99.74	427.83 ± 112.15^c	0.021	0.176
	ART group	409.08 ± 94.04	426.17 ± 86.24^b,d	0.002	0.181
	Control group	410.92 ± 126.90	411.08 ± 127.00^c,d	0.339	0.001
Knee flexion strength (60°/s; Nm)	MVFT group	161.25 ± 21.31	165.25 ± 22.46	0.026	0.187
	TBT group	161.42 ± 21.59	168.33 ± 28.09^c	0.024	0.195
	ART group	162.33 ± 35.81	169.33 ± 33.00^d	0.003	0.204
	Control group	162.08 ± 28.58	162.00 ± 28.51^c,d	0.586	0.002
Knee flexion endurance (Nm)	MVFT group	402.58 ± 126.50	406.42 ± 124.45	0.032	0.030
	TBT group	408.58 ± 97.52	426.58 ± 111.54^c	0.030	0.184
	ART group	408.00 ± 93.80	425.42 ± 84.91^d	0.003	0.185
	Control group	405.75 ± 131.70	405.92 ± 131.81^c,d	0.339	0.001

, mean ± standard deviation; MVFT: mirror visual feedback training; TBT: therapist-based training; ART: augmented reality-based training; a: difference between MVFT and TBT; b: the difference between MVFT and ART; c: the difference between TBT and control group; d: the difference between ART and control group.