Improvements of Physical Activity Performance and Motivation in Adult Men through Augmented Reality Approach: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 3

Comparison of motivation, balance, and flexibility within group and between groups.

Measurement	Group	Pretest	Posttest		Effect size
Balance (cm)	MVFT group	97.06 ± 13.81	98.72 ± 13.79^a,b	0.016	0.119
	TBT group	98.16 ± 5.96	103.46 ± 7.46^a,c	0.000	1.888
	ART group	98.32 ± 6.06	105.87 ± 6.12^b,d	0.000	1.245
	Control group	85.79 ± 16.80	86.91 ± 16.56^c,d	0.111	0.066
Flexibility (cm)	MVFT group	3.50 ± 5.86	3.58 ± 4.85	0.931	0.014
	TBT group	3.07 ± 17.73	4.58 ± 14.27	0.269	0.084
	ART group	3.50 ± 13.24	4.83 ± 14.94	0.132	0.100
	Control group	3.08 ± 8.72	2.91 ± 8.71	0.638	0.019
Intrinsic motivation (points)	MVFT group	79.75 ± 2.95	81.33 ± 2.70	0.029	0.535
	TBT group	78.17 ± 4.23	80.00 ± 5.00	0.017	0.432
	ART group	84.00 ± 2.37	86.33 ± 4.09	0.012	0.982
	Control group	80.42 ± 2.10	80.75 ± 2.13	0.305	0.157

, mean ± standard deviation; MVFT: mirror visual feedback training; TBT: therapist-based training; ART: augmented reality-based training; a: difference between MVFT and TBT; b: the difference between MVFT and ART; c: the difference between TBT and control group; d: the difference between ART and control group.