| | Key factors | Code | Subfactor | Reference | Summary and evaluation |
| | Software | B1 | High cost of BIM software | [5, 6, 10, 13–15] | BIM software carries the construction of architectural models in projects, engineering scheduling based on construction information, and the overall communication and coordination functions of the construction team. However, the high cost, high technical requirements, and matching obstacles of BIM professional software are hindering the above functions. | | B2 | Lack of domestic-oriented BIM tools | [9, 16–18] | | B3 | High cost of supporting hardware upgrades required | [4, 9, 10, 15–17, 19–23] | | B4 | Lack of suitable simulation models for fire protection engineering | Interview |
| | People | B5 | Top managers are not adapting to the new requirements for coordination and scheduling capabilities | [24–26] | People in construction projects include all stakeholders (e.g., clients, contractor, and architects), employees, and managers of construction companies. Psychological factors and decision-makings have an impact on the technology transformation relevant to BIM in the company. | | B6 | Relevant personnel reluctant to change | [17, 18, 23, 25–30] | | B7 | Lack of knowledge and experience in applying BIM | [9, 16, 19, 21, 25, 30] | | B8 | Low level of cross-functional coordination and collaboration | [16, 20, 24–26, 31–33] |
| | Organization | B9 | Lack of funding support for proper BIM training | [16, 17, 19, 21–23, 25, 34] | Organizational factors are considered to be related to the capabilities of enterprises. Cash flow, organizational culture, and cross-organizational collaboration are affecting the ability of organizations to apply BIM. This part focuses on the overall behavior and competitiveness of the enterprise in the market. | | B10 | Lack of organizational culture support (a shared vision for the BIM application) | [9, 25, 31, 32] | | B11 | Ambiguity about the benefits of BIM | [7, 16–19, 21–23, 26, 34] | | B12 | Lack of knowledge and experience in cross-organizational collaboration | [7, 9, 19, 22, 31, 33] | | B13 | Difficulty accepting the instability of business development brought by changes in organizational structure | [25, 26, 32, 33] | | B14 | Lack of investment in BIM experts | [16, 17, 23] |
| | Environment | B15 | Lack of BIM laws and regulations applicable to fire protection discipline | Interview | There has not been a sufficient BIM practical experience in the context of fire protection construction. The inadequate standards, legislation, and guidelines especially adapting BIM for fire protection projects make stakeholders and their organizations challenging in the transformation towards digital-driven industrialization in construction. | | B16 | Lack of demand for BIM application from clients | [7, 9, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 31] | | B17 | Lack of external support such as funding from local government | [7, 16, 17, 20, 24] | | B18 | Lack of appropriate government regulatory measures | [7, 25, 28] | | B19 | Lack of pilot projects for BIM applied in fire protection projects to learn from | [18, 24, 26] | | B20 | Lack of BIM contract standards suitable for fire protection discipline | [9, 16–18, 22, 23, 27] |
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