Optimization of Liner Operations and Fuel Selection considering Emission Control Areas

Table 2

Physicochemical properties of different fuels.

	HFO	MGO	VLSFO	LNG	Methanol
Storage form	Liquid	Liquid	Liquid	Cryogenic liquid	Liquid
Pressure, temperature (bar, °C)	1, 25	1, 25	1, 25	1, −162	1, 25
Liquid density (kg/m^3)	986–1010	855–860	975–1010	430–470	790–792
Lower heating value (kJ/kg)	40200	42800	40500	48600	20000
Energy density (kJ/L)	39100	35800	36400	20800	18200

Data source: summarized from the recent literature [4, 27–34].