Exploring the Impact of Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting on Male Rats’ Testicular Health: An Analysis of Hormonal Regulation, Oxidative Stress, and Spermatogenesis

Table 2

Descriptive statistics for body weight results.

Groups	At the beginning of the study		At the end of the study
	Mean ± SEM	95.0% lower-upper CL for mean	Mean ± SEM	95.0% lower-upper CL for mean
CD	330.86 ± 10.68	304.72–356.99	368.71^ab ± 9.81	344.72–392.71	<0.001
IF + CD	339.14 ± 11.88	310.09–368.20	332.71^c ± 11.49	304.61–360.82	0.119
KD	325.00 ± 4.86	313.11–336.89	378.00^a ± 6.55	361.96–394.04	<0.001
IF + KD	330.86 ± 6.29	315.47–346.24	340.86^bc ± 5.20	328.14–353.58	0.004
	0.737		0.003

values indicate paired samples t-test results. values show the results of one-way ANOVA. Differences in parameters between groups were represented by lowercase letters. There is no significant difference between groups with a common letter, but there is a significant difference between groups without a common letter. CD: control diet; IF: intermittent fasting diet; KD: ketogenic diet. SEM: standard error of mean. CL: confidence level.