Exploring the Impact of Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting on Male Rats’ Testicular Health: An Analysis of Hormonal Regulation, Oxidative Stress, and Spermatogenesis

Table 3

Descriptive statistics for testicular weight results.

Groups	Mean ± SEM	95.0% lower-upper CL for mean
CD	4.27^b ± 0.13	3.96–4.59
IF + CD	4.22^b ± 0.09	4.00–4.43
KD	5.01^a ± 0.24	4.43–5.59
IF + KD	4.17^b ± 0.06	4.01–4.32
	0.001

values indicate the results of the one-way ANOVA. Groups denoted with the same superscript letter (a or b) do not significantly differ from each other. However, groups labeled with different letters (a vs. b) demonstrate statistically significant differences. In this context, “a” and “b” denote different groups based on post hoc comparisons following one-way ANOVA. CD: control diet; IF: intermittent fasting diet; KD: ketogenic diet. SEM: standard error of mean. CL: confidence level.