Omega-3 Fatty Acids Inhibit Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells

Table 1

The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on secreted alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) treated with tunicamycin (TM), normal dextrose (5.5 mM), or high dextrose (27.5 mM).

Lipid treatment	Concentration (μM)	SAP activity (%) control	SAP activity (%) TM (1.0 μM)	SAP activity (%) dextrose (5.5 mM)	SAP activity (%) dextrose (27.5 mM)
DHA	0	100.0 ± 3.3	64.8 ± 7.3	100 ± 5.3	72.3 ± 5.5^†
	0.001	101.9 ± 2.7	66.5 ± 8.5	101.8 ± 3.6	68.5 ± 2.5^†
	0.01	101.0 ± 2.2	80.1 ± 5.0	101.2 ± 2.8	69.5 ± 5.1^†
	0.1	99.8 ± 2.7	86.5 ± 6.6	101.0 ± 3.0	82.6 ± 2.1^†
	1.0	102.6 ± 4.6	100.4 ± 4.1	99.9 ± 5.1	100.8 ± 5.8
	10	98.7 ± 4.6	101.5 ± 5.7	97.7 ± 4.3	100.7 ± 3.5
EPA	0	100.0 ± 4.2	68.0 ± 4.0	100.0 ± 5.0	65.8 ± 4.8^†
	0.001	100.9 ± 2.8	65.4 ± 10.3	98.6 ± 5.0	68.5 ± 5.3^†
	0.01	98.7 ± 1.4	70.5 ± 10.8	98.6 ± 3.0	66.8 ± 5.3^†
	0.1	100.0 ± 3.7	81.5 ± 5.0	98.9 ± 3.9	80.8 ± 4.4^†
	1.0	100.4 ± 3.4	93.0 ± 3.2	95.1 ± 5.1	88.4 ± 2.5^†
	10	101.1 ± 2.4	99.2 ± 7.5	97.0 ± 6.3	91.6 ± 3.9
EPA-EE	0	100.0 ± 2.5	74.5 ± 2.6	100.0 ± 3.4	76.3 ± 3.2^†
	0.001	100.2 ± 2.1	70.8 ± 5.4	100.5 ± 2.5	73.1 ± 3.8^†
	0.01	101.0 ± 1.4	75.4 ± 5.0	100.3 ± 4.0	74.1 ± 2.7^†
	0.1	99.3 ± 2.0	90.9 ± 4.5	99.2 ± 3.9	85.0 ± 2.8
	1.0	100.1 ± 2.5	98.7 ± 3.9	99.9 ± 1.5	101.8 ± 3.1
	10	101.6 ± 1.8	99.0 ± 2.9	99.9 ± 1.9	99.4 ± 2.7

HCAECs were treated with 1.0 μM tunicamycin, 5.5 mM dextrose (normal dextrose), or 27.5 mM dextrose (high dextrose) with and without the indicated fatty acids for 24 hours, and secreted alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity and cell viability were measured after 24 hours using the endoplasmic reticulum stress-responsive alkaline phosphatase (ES-TRAP assay) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, respectively. The mean SAP activity for the control and each treatment group and % change was calculated. Statistical significance was calculated from the mean SAP activity by ANOVA followed by Student’s t-test for independent variables as described in the methods section. DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA-EE, eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. N = 6; relative to control cells; ^† relative to cells exposed to 5.5 mM dextrose.