Effects and Mechanisms of Fucoxanthin from Hizikia fusiforme on Inhibiting Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation via AKT/mTOR-Mediated Glycolysis

Figure 3

Fucoxanthin-triggered apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential in CAL-27 cells. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (a) Flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptosis after 24 h of treatment with 0, 3, 6, and 9 μg/mL fucoxanthin. Flow cytometry analysis of CAL-27 cells divided the cell population into four quadrants based on FITC annexin V and PI staining. Q1 represented dead cells (negative for FITC annexin V and positive for PI); Q2 represented cells in the end stage of apoptosis (positive for both FITC annexin V and PI); Q3 represented cells undergoing apoptosis (positive for FITC annexin V and negative for PI); Q4 represented viable cells that did not undergo apoptosis (negative for both FITC annexin V and PI). (b) Mitochondrial membrane potential of fucoxanthin-treated CAL-27 cells. and compared with the control group.

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