Role of Probiotics against Human Cancers, Inflammatory Diseases, and Other Complex Malignancies

Table 1

Potential of probiotics against cancers and other diseases.

Disease	Type of study	Intervention	Results	Reference
Brain cancer	In vivo; SAMP8 mouse model	Oral administration of probiotic supplement Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, for 12 weeks	Inhibition of NF-kB. Reduced levels of H2AX, 8-hydroxydesoxyguanosine, and RIG-I	[46]
Brain cancer	In vivo; pregnant C57/BL6J mice	Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis. Daily; from embryonic day 16 until weaning	Reduced activation of astrocytes and microglia. Decreased neuroinflammatory activity	[45]
Lung cancer	Clinical	Clostridium butyricum along with chemotherapy	Reduction in chemotherapy-induced diarrhea and decreased systemic inflammatory response in patients	[35]
Gastric cancer	In vivo; male INS-GAS mice	Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus rhamnosus oral administration, 12 weeks	Down regulated NF-κB, IL-17, and TNF signaling pathway	[27]
Gastric cancer	Clinical	Bifidobacterium infanti, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus	Improved immunological response, improved immune markers, as in lymphocyte levels and decreased disease severity	[29]
Colorectal cancer	In vivo; CT26 cells inoculated into BALB/c mice	B. longum, B. bifidum, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, resistant dextrin, isomaltooligosaccharides, fructose oligosaccharides, and stachyose	Induction of T cell-mediated immune response and reduced tumor volume	[23]
Colorectal cancer	In vivo; male fisher 344 rats	5-fluorouracil and Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Bifidobacterium bifidum. 10 weeks study	Reduced malignant neoplastic lesions and reduced development of aberrant crypts	[21]
Liver cancer	In vivo; Bulb/c mice	Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and azoxymethane	Reduced inflammation, and regulation of expression of oncogenes/oncomirs, tumor suppressor genes/microRNAs	[32]
Liver cancer	In vivo; rat model	Bifidobacterium pseudolongum	Inhibited IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway via GPR43 activation	[34]
Breast cancer	In vitro; MCF-7 cells	Lactobacillus brevis MK05	Induction of apoptosis via Lb-PPSPs in MCF-7 cells, positive modulation in the expression of apoptosis pathway mediators, BAX, BCL-2, and BCL2L11	[40]
Blood cancer	In vitro; K562 cell line	L. casei and L. paracasei	Significant anticancer activity in K562 cells	[50]
Gastric ulcer	Clinical	Ilaprazole, amoxicillin, metronidazole Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus	Higher clearance rate of Helicobacter pylori and lowered reoccurrence rate	[65]
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea	Clinical; children, adolescents, and adults	Alkali Halobacillus clausii 088AE	Reduction in the severity across all age groups	[74]
Diabetes	In vitro; C57BL/Ks rats	14 different probiotics included in diet	Improved insulin secretion via increased activity of GPR43/41, proglucagon, and proconvertase 1/3	[90]
Cardiovascular diseases	In vivo; rats model	Lactobacillus plantarum DMDL 9010 at 10^9 cell per day	Decreased blood and total hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels	[93]

SAMP8, senescence-accelerated mouse susceptible 8; GPR43/41, G protein-coupled receptor 43/41.