Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrolysate from Black Goat Extract Had Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Macrophage Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways

Figure 3

Effects of APT6 < 3 kDa on mRNA and levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Cells were treated with APT6 < 3 kDa for 1 h and incubated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 6 h. mRNA levels of IL-6 (a), IL-1β (b), and TNF-α (c) were determined by RT-qPCR. To determine the levels of IL-6 (d), IL-1β (e), and TNF-α (f), cells were treated with APT6 < 3 kDa for 1 h, then incubated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h, and subjected to ELISA. APT6 < 3 kDa is the low-molecular-weight fraction (<3 kDa) of BGE hydrolysate prepared by treatment with Alcalase, ProteAX, and trypsin for 2 h each. ^A–EDifferent superscript letters above bars indicate a significant difference at .

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