Rice-Based Alcoholic Fermented Beverages of North-East India: Insight into Ethnic Preparation, Microbial Intervention, Ethnobotany, and Health Benefits

Table 1

Traditional alcoholic fermented rice-based beverages, starter cake, ethnic community, and microbes present in North-East India.

State	Fermented rice beverages	Starter cake	Ethnic community	Microbes found in fermentation	References
Arunachal Pradesh	Opo/Kala apong	Siiyeh	Adi, Galo, Nishi, Mishmi	Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[19, 20]
	Yu	Old Starter cake	Idu, Mishmi	Not reported	[21]
	Themsing	Pham/Phab	Monpa	Not reported	[20, 22]
	Nyongin/Chhang, arrak, kinnauri	Opop	Galo	Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[21]
	Sira-oa/Oa/O/Oh	Paa	Apatani	Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[23]
	Apong	Ipoh	Monpa, Apatani, Nishi	Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[24–26]
	Pona/Ennog	Ipoh/Siye	Monpa, Apatani, Nishi, Adi	Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[24–26]
Arunachal Pradesh/Sikkim	Rakshi	Marcha	Sherdukpen, Monpa, Idu Mishmi	Not reported	[20, 22, 27, 28]
Assam	Apong	Apop pitha	Mishing	Amylolytic microbes, Rhodotorula taiwanensis, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[24, 26, 29]
	Jonga-mod	Bakhor/Surachi/Phap	Rabha	Meyerozyma caribbica and Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[24, 26, 30]
	Jou bishi	Emao/Amao/Angkur	Bodo	LAB, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia burtonii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[31–34]
	Xaj pani/Koloh pani	Vekur pitha/Xaj pitha	Ahom	Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata	[19, 24]
	Arak/Hor alank	Thap	Karbi	Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia burtonii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[31, 33–35]
	Sujen	Perok kushi	Deori	Not reported	[36]
	Judima	Humao	Dimasa Kachari	Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Pediococcus pentosaceus, Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhizopus, and Mucor	[19, 24, 26, 37]
Manipur	Atingba/Waiyu	Hamei	Meitei/Kabui	Pediococcus pentosaceus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia anomala, Trichosporon spp., Candida tropicalis, Pichia guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Pichia fabianii, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Candida glabrata	[38, 39]
	Patso	Chamri	Tangkhul	Not reported	[23]
	Timpui/Pheijou/Zouju	Khai	Zeliangrong/Kuki	Not reported	[21]
	Acham	Chamri	Tangkhul	Not reported	[23]
Meghalaya	Chubitchi	Wanti	Garo	Lactobacillus plantarum KGL3A, Lactobacillus fermentum KGL4, Saccharomyces cerevisiae WTS1A, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rothia mucilaginosa, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, and Paraburkholderia terricola	[13]
	Kiad/Sadhier	Thiat	Jaintia, Khasi	Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rothia mucilaginosa, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, and Paraburkholderia terricola	[13, 40]
Mizoram	Rakzu/Zupui/Zufang/Tinzu	Damdim/Dawdim	Mizo tribe	Not reported	[23]
Nagaland	Zutho/Zhuchu	Piazu/Khrei/Khekhrii	Angami	Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Naga 97, Candida glabrata, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Pichia anomala	[19, 24, 41]
	Duizou/Jou	Khekhrii	Naga	Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Pichia anomala	[19, 24, 38]
Sikkim	Bhaati jaanr	Marcha	Gorkha, Bhutia, and Lepcha	Pediococcus acidilactici, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Corchorus capsularis, Pichia anomala, Pichia burtonii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, and Candida glabrata	[38, 42–44]
	Poko	Manapu	Gorkha	Not reported	[25]
	Chhang/Chyang/Chee	Phab	Gorkha, Bhutia, and Lepcha	Not reported	[21]
	Faapar ko Jaanr/Simal tarul ko jaanr/Makai ko jaanr/Kodo ko jaanr/Jao ko jaanr	Marcha	Gorkha, Bhutia, and Lepcha	Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Corchorus capsularis, Pichia anomala, Pichia burtonii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, and Candida glabrata	[21]
Tripura	Langi/chuwak	Chuwan	Tripuris	Candida glabrata and Wickerhamomyces anomalus	[1]