Research Article

Macroalgae as Alkalizing Marine Drugs with a Low Potential Renal Acid Load

Table 1

Macro- and micronutrient content as well as PRAL values of n = 106 macroalgae.

NameProtein (g/100 g)Ca (mg/100 g)K (mg/100 g)Mg (mg/100 g)P (mg/100 g)PRAL (mEq/100 g)OriginType

Acanthophora spicifera [40]20.243052.08480210−1.50IndiaRho
Ahnfeltia plicata [44]5.57654347205141−13.17Russia, White SeaRho
Ahnfeltia plicata [42]20.140002300680182−101.40Sweden, West CoastRho
Amphiroa anceps [45]6.9163010900420470−240.24India, Saurashtra coastRho
Amphiroa fragilissima [33]291596513914781757−87.88Egypt, AlexandriaRho
Ascophyllum nodosum [42]5.91240260087067−87.97Sweden, West CoastPha
Bifurcaria bifurcata [46]8.92996.429316.28528.04169.54−211.68Spain, Galician coastPha
Vertebrata byssoides (formerly Brongniartella byssoides) [42]15.849406300770202−201.32Sweden, West CoastRho
Caulerpa racemosa [32]24.57266020701260140−93.59India, North-West CoastChl
Caulerpa racemosa [45]8.68597039201130190−178.03India, Saurashtra coastChl
Caulerpa scalpelliformis [45]12.24382043001390280−159.74India, Saurashtra coastChl
Caulerpa veravalensis [45]9.1923203220860250−106.39India, Saurashtra coastChl
Ceramium sp. [42]15.855067001510242−170.41Sweden, West CoastRho
Ceramium virgatum [44]32.255781018647252−20.59Russia, White SeaRho
Chondrus crispus [42]10.312503000800103−91.19Sweden, West CoastRho
Chondrus crispus [35]12.422303410750160−107.36Spain, GaliciaRho
Chondrus crispus [41]15.74204100650110−96.70PortugalRho
Chorda filum [42]6.314908400780105−209.08Sweden, West CoastPha
Cladophora glomerata [33]27.593150516935757159.76Egypt, AlexandriaChl
Lychaete pellucida (formerly Cladophora pellucida) [33]257464451256370097.45Egypt, AlexandriaChl
Cladophora rupestris [42]18.47604200440142−95.25Sweden, West CoastChl
Cladophora sp. [42]13.95408500760171−192.14Sweden, West CoastChl
Coccotylus brodiei [44]15.87450705313138−15.91Russia, White SeaRho
Corallina officinalis [33]1913041011530183418.32Egypt, AlexandriaRho
Cystoclonium purpureum [44]27.13951499461228−26.89Russia, White SeaRho
Cystoclonium purpureum [42]17.25806500910226−150.91Sweden, West CoastRho
Polycladia indica (formerly Cystoseira indica) [45]12.9518109070700500−207.35India, Saurashtra coastPha
Delesseria sanguinea [42]18.382202200950227−160.39Sweden, West CoastRho
Desmarestia aculeata [42]11.547902500880216−124.02Sweden, West CoastPha
Dilsea carnosa [42]15.23203500510230−74.96Sweden, West CoastRho
Ulva compressa (formerly Enteromorpha compressa) [32]29.5477034202230350−112.39India, North-West CoastChl
Ulva compressa (formerly Enteromorpha compressa) [38]17.48476013808901640−44.75India, North-West CoastChl
Ulva flexuosa (Enteromorpha flexuosa) [40]17.2971222.32436270−2.60IndiaChl
Ulva linza (formerly Enteromorpha linza) [38]12.551202301180410−80.78India, North-West CoastChl
Enteromorpha prolifera [33]22132327371799381330.41Egypt, AlexandriaChl
Ulva flexuosa (as Enteromorpha tubulosa) [38]19.0950702701560390−88.36India, North-West CoastChl
Euthora cristata [44]13.06673185483237−10.02Russia, White SeaRho
Fucus serratus [42]7.110402900730123−85.37Sweden, West CoastPha
Fucus vesiculosus [36]12.47793696813117−98.48Portugal, West CoastPha
Fucus vesiculosus [46]12.991160.273745.05732.37193.57−99.24Spain, Galician coastPha
Fucus vesiculosus [42]7.111403800890102−110.51Sweden, West CoastPha
Furcellaria lumbricalis [44]15.98218609555129−17.45Russia, White SeaRho
Furcellaria lumbricalis [42]17.1256046001100131−145.25Sweden, West CoastRho
Gelidium micropterum [45]12.6661408740890320−268.46India, Saurashtra coastRho
Chondracanthus teedei (formerly Gigartina teedei) [33]21107243591551521257.33Egypt, AlexandriaRho
Gracilaria corticata [45]17.14130010860630240−244.06India, Saurashtra coastRho
Gracilaria dura [32]14.292105560290190−113.00India, North-West CoastRho
Gracilaria edulis [40]18.0441052.12580124−8.08IndiaRho
Gracilaria gracilis [36]28.86248920402415−176.42Portugal, West CoastRho
Gracilaria salicornia [45]10.3413409680510340−216.31India, Saurashtra coastRho
Gracilaria corticata [39]3.34337281935685500−3.23India, Central West CoastRho
Halidrys siliquosa [42]7.9990360066071−99.13Sweden, West CoastPha
Himanthalia elongata [35]6.410307110750120−174.62Spain, GaliciaPha
Jania rubens [33]2616561051638207623.23Egypt, AlexandriaRho
Kappaphycus alvarezii [32]7.944505590340270−118.20India, North-West CoastRho
Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty [43]19.258404100740120−102.39India, North-West CoastRho
Laminaria digitata [42]6.612402900650179−84.06Sweden, West CoastPha
Laminaria ochroleuca [35]8.1106084304100180−286.78Spain, GaliciaPha
Palisada cruciata (formerly Laurencia cruciate) [45]16.1112006040640290−140.46India, Saurashtra coastRho
Lobophora variegata [47]34.21020.61078.31712.61477.3−9.02India, South-East CoastPha
Odonthalia dentata [44]14.784071070286125−23.33Russia, White SeaRho
Padina gymnospora [40]12.0782030.02780164−19.59IndiaPha
Padina pavonica [33]117082571765178711.02Egypt, AlexandriaRho
Padina tetrastromatica [45]22.11665024901140190−150.52India, Saurashtra coastPha
Palmaria palmata [35]10.74307620230180−159.69France, BretagneRho
Palmaria palmata [36]41.815913452222110−74.40Portugal, West CoastRho
Palmaria palmata [41]14.416012480250120−259.16PortugalRho
Palmaria palmata [44]19.94161199992212−28.85Russia, White SeaRho
Petalonia fascia [33]10130741651533510449.43Egypt, AlexandriaPha
Phycodrys rubens [44]13.21666142855268−17.48Russia, White SeaRho
Polyides rotunda [44]9.2336948631599−15.01Russia, White SeaRho
Polysiphonia stricta [44]18.584491033350122−23.01Russia, White SeaRho
Pyropia columbina (formerly Porphyra columbina) [34]24.61443.71444.17491.52379.9−22.76Argentina, San Jorge GulfRho
Porphyra dioica [36]35.72252863617393−47.06Portugal, West CoastRho
Pyropia haitanensis (formerly Porphyra haitanensis) [37]32.16460.62734612885.4−30.80Japan/KoreaRho
Porphyra sp. [41]23.71601920370210−32.64PortugalPha
Porphyra sp. [32]36.194204400650330−84.82South Korea, Wando IslandRho
Porphyra sp. [35]53.96403190440320−48.50Spain, GaliciaRho
Pyropia tenera (formerly Prophyra tenera) [37]36.88151.42802420.3820.1−23.32Japan/KoreaRho
Ptilota gunneri [44]8.92663872334242−22.29Russia, White SeaRho
Rhodomela confervoides [44]24.265441432503245−29.27Russia, White SeaRho
Rhodomela confervoides [42]14.824805800560158−155.50Sweden, West CoastRho
Saccharina latissima [42]6.99501500460144−47.10Sweden, West CoastPha
Sarconema filiforme [45]10.5715809080480480−200.76India, Saurashtra coastRho
Sargassum ilicifolium [39]3.864320464033483500−109.26India, Central West CoastPha
Sargassum swartzii [45]11.2118607710700430−182.89India, Saurashtra coastPha
Sargassum tenerrimum [45]10.7525108360820380−210.18India, Saurashtra coastPha
Sargassum vulgare [33]167081988985260174.57Egypt, AlexandriaPha
Savoiea arctica [44]24.95419856257112−13.74Russia, White SeaRho
Spatoglossum asperum [45]9.89274029401200140−118.53India, Saurashtra coastPha
Sphacelaria cirrosa [42]1225603300860212−111.22Sweden, West CoastPha
Ulva lactuca (as Ulva fasciata) [40]22.774027.2420142−4.73IndiaChl
Ulva lactuca (as Ulva fasciata) [39]3.453940312534783125−89.96India, Central West CoastChl
Ulva lactuca (as Ulva fasciata) [33]27109123201781418358.79Egypt, AlexandriaChl
Ulva lactuca (as Ulva fasciata) [45]14.3330043402180130−178.90India, Saurashtra coastChl
Ulva intestinalis [42]984017002620100−106.63Sweden, West CoastChl
Ulva lactuca [32]14.48204025902680150−137.94India, North-West CoastChl
Ulva lactuca [33]16125324441874363726.07Egypt, AlexandriaChl
Ulva lactuca [42]9.310403000266097−137.53Sweden, West CoastChl
Ulva linza [33]1319014221855200−68.04Egypt, AlexandriaChl
Ulva reticulata [45]16.72470036902330220−182.84India, Saurashtra coastChl
Ulva rigida [45]18.57264047101770160−164.23India, Saurashtra coastChl
Ulva rigida [36]19.535413641860127−23.83Portugal, West CoastChl
Ulva sp. [41]15.655021805580180−183.71PortugalChl
Ulva sp. [35]791019503300110−131.08Spain, GaliciaChl
Undaria pinnatifida [35]18.61120370760540−13.00Spain, GaliciaPha

Table 1 is based on data from References [3247]. Ca = Calcium. Mg = Magnesium. K = Potassium. P = Phosphorus. Chl. = Chlorophyta; Rho. = Rhodophyta; Pha. = Phaeophyceae. The nutrient content is based on 100 g dry weight, except for the following five items: Acanthophora spicifera, Ulva flexuosa (formerly Enteromorpha flexuosa), Gracilaria edulis, Padina gymnospora, and Ulva fasciata, which were obtained from Reference [40].