Journal of Food Quality

Research Article

Effect of Spices on the Formation of VOCs in Roasted Mutton Based on GC-MS and Principal Component Analysis

Table 1

VOCs in roasted mutton treated with different spices detected by GC-MS.


Number	Volatile substances^1,2	LRI³	KI	Sample A: only salt (ng/g)	Sample B: Chinese prickly ash (ng/g)	Sample C: Amomum tsao-ko (ng/g)	Sample D: cumin (ng/g)	Sample E: ginger (ng/g)	Qualitative method⁴

Aldehyde

z1	Hexanal	1093	1087	38.234 ± 7.713c	1.029 ± 0.119a	0.200 ± 0.040a	13.344 ± 2.224b	3.757 ± 0.746a	MS/LRI
z2	3-Methy-l-pentanal	1026	1002	0.026 ± 0.005b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z3	Heptanal	1183	1195	1.652 ± 0.335c	1.332 ± 0.278c	0.000 ± 0.000a	1.467 ± 0.256c	0.713 ± 0.144b	MS/LRI
z4	(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal	1826	1844	0.033 ± 0.006a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.091 ± 0.018b	0.211 ± 0.035c	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z5	Octanal	1287	1280	0.439 ± 0.115b	0.77 ± 0.207b	0.000 ± 0.000a	1.114 ± 0.253c	0.473 ± 0.122b	MS/LRI
z6	(z)-4-Decenal	N/A	1546	0.032 ± 0.055a	0.116 ± 0.03b	0.023 ± 0.006a	0.935 ± 0.219c	0.675 ± 0.176b	MS
z7	Nonanal	1387	1403	1.330 ± 0.348b	1.495 ± 0.401b	0.126 ± 0.034a	1.232 ± 0.279b	0.547 ± 0.141a	MS/LRI
z8	Pentanal	988	978	2.461 ± 0.434c	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	1.366 ± 0.228b	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z9	3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal	1488	1479	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.021 ± 0.004b	MS/LRI
z10	Decanal	1506	1497	0.007 ± 0.012a	0.048 ± 0.010c	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.027 ± 0.005b	0.077 ± 0.015d	MS/LRI
z11	Benzaldehyde	1546	1530	0.186 ± 0.051a	0.519 ± 0.105c	0.263 ± 0.053ab	0.802 ± 0.140d	0.431 ± 0.087bc	MS/LRI
z12	Isocyclocitral	N/A	1546	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	1.748 ± 0.358b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z13	Z-Citral	1693	1686	0.037 ± 0.032a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.422 ± 0.084b	0.094 ± 0.024a	MS/LRI
z14	p-Menth-1-en-7-al	1744	1758	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.089 ± 0.018b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z15	Cuminic	1775	1783	5.026 ± 1.383a	0.811 ± 0.161a	25.028 ± 5.28b	2.529 ± 0.552a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z16	Alpha-methylcinnamaldehyde	N/A	1998	0.413 ± 0.114c	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.114 ± 0.024a	0.287 ± 0.065b	0.022 ± 0.006a	MS
z17	4-Methoxy-benzaldehyde	2055	2061	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.061 ± 0.013b	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z18	3-Phenyl-2-propenal	N/A	2033	0.036 ± 0.063a	0.127 ± 0.024b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.194 ± 0.044b	0.135 ± 0.034b	MS
z19	Acetaldehyde	707	715	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.005 ± 0.001b	MS/LRI

Terpene

z20	4(10)-Thujene	N/A	1627	1.102 ± 0.039a	4.159 ± 0.249ab	2.123 ± 0.025a	1.374 ± 0.045a	8.215 ± 2.061b	MS
z21	Myrcene	1170	1168	0.554 ± 0.051a	4.756 ± 0.959b	0.398 ± 0.080a	0.703 ± 0.026a	1.094 ± 0.0190a	MS/LRI
z22	2-Pinene	1036	1028	2.228 ± 0.043a	3.572 ± 0.721b	2.062 ± 0.012a	2.425 ± 0.073a	3.954 ± 0.192b	MS/LRI
z23	(+)-α-Phellandrene	1165	1158	0.355 ± 0.074a	1.641 ± 0.011b	0.763 ± 0.061a	0.181 ± 0.031a	2.352 ± 0.171c	MS/LRI
z24	γ-Terpinene	1221	1253	1.645 ± 0.049a	3.742 ± 1.065b	2.407 ± 0.417b	1.382 ± 0.053a	9.493 ± 1.060c	MS/LRI
z25	Alpha-terpinene	1186	1182	0.018 ± 0.019a	3.292 ± 0.937b	0.309 ± 0.062a	0.092 ± 0.016a	0.498 ± 0.100a	MS/LRI
z26	(+) (E)-Caryophyllene	607	613	0.434 ± 0.082a	2.183 ± 0.613b	3.081 ± 0.016b	0.352 ± 0.037a	2.217 ± 0.044b	MS/LRI
z27	(E,Z)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene	1382	1369	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.765 ± 0.218b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.107 ± 0.020a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z28	2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylene-norbornane	1075	1071	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	1.426 ± 0.288b	MS/LRI
z29	Delta-cadinene	1798	1769	0.000 ± 0.000a	1.621 ± 0.461b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.064 ± 0.013a	MS/LRI
z30	2,4-Dimethyl-styren	1414	1432	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.024 ± 0.005a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.209 ± 0.035b	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z31	D-Limonene	1210	1221	0.000 ± 0.000a	12.376 ± 3.524b	0.505 ± 0.102a	0.662 ± 0.114a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z32	1-Hexadecene	N/A	1602	0.036 ± 0.007a	0.121 ± 0.035b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z33	Isopropenyltoluene	N/A	198	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.305 ± 0.087b	0.065 ± 0.013a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS

Ketone

z34	2-Heptanone	1191	1197	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.199 ± 0.032b	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z35	2,3-Butanedione	987	772	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.386 ± 0.079b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z36	2,3-Octanedione	N/A	987	1.390 ± 0.363b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.076 ± 0.02a	0.344 ± 0.078a	0.126 ± 0.033a	MS
z37	α-(E)-Ionone	N/A	1865	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.063 ± 0.013b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z38	1-Phenyl-ethanone	1661	1646	0.112 ± 0.028b	0.087 ± 0.017b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z39	Isopiperitone	1743	1736	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.691 ± 0.133b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.607 ± 0.12b	0.122 ± 0.031a	MS/LRI
z40	Carvone	1749	1745	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.159 ± 0.031b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z41	3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	1295	1287	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.02 ± 0.004b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI

Alcohol

z42	Eucalyptol	1210/1216	1232	0.280 ± 0.060a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	4.194 ± 0.941b	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z43	1-Pentanol	1232/1237	1246	1.636 ± 0.353c	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.234 ± 0.047a	0.921 ± 0.207b	0.185 ± 0.047a	MS/LRI
z44	(Z)-2-Penten-1-ol,	1334[49]	1311	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.010 ± 0.002b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z45	2-Heptanol	N/A	1320	0.015 ± 0.003a	0.030 ± 0.006a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.363 ± 0.093b	MS
z46	1-Hexanol	1341/1360	1359	0.408 ± 0.082c	0.267 ± 0.054b	0.344 ± 0.069bc	0.212 ± 0.045ab	0.117 ± 0.031a	MS/LRI
z47	Geraniol	N/A	1722	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.057 ± 0.011b	0.118 ± 0.029c	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z48	2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentanol	N/A	1025	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.008 ± 0.002 b	MS
z49	p-Cymen-7-ol	2095	2113	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.018 ± 0.004b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z50	1-Octen-3-ol	1451	1454	0.323 ± 0.070b	0.264 ± 0.056b	0.057 ± 0.012a	0.230 ± 0.054b	0.069 ± 0.015a	MS/LRI
z51	1-Heptanol	1456	1446	0.153 ± 0.031d	0.051 ± 0.011b	0.008 ± 0.002a	0.113 ± 0.026c	0.032 ± 0.007ab	MS/LRI
z52	2-Octyn-1-ol	N/A	1368	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.125 ± 0.025b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z53	2-Ethyl-1-hexanol,	1490	1484	1.028 ± 0.222a	1.813 ± 0.383b	1.936 ± 0.391b	0.566 ± 0.139a	0.660 ± 0.133a	MS/LRI
z54	2-Methyl-3-furanthiol	N/A	1318	0.235 ± 0.024c	0.108 ± 0.011ab	0.235 ± 0.026c	0.143 ± 0.035b	0.082 ± 0.016a	MS
z55	DL-2,3-Butanediol	1553	1569	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.125 ± 0.025b	0.016 ± 0.004a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z56	4-Terpineol	1630	1642	0.000 ± 0.000a	3.206 ± 0.647b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.212 ± 0.044a	MS/LRI
z57	α-Terpinol	1736	1742	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.687 ± 0.139c	0.107 ± 0.022a	0.285 ± 0.070b	0.702 ± 0.142c	MS/LRI
z58	(E)-4-Hexen-3-ol	N/A	1604	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.011 ± 0.002b	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS

Ether

z59	p-Propyl-anisole	N/A	1702	0.098 ± 0.020c	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.033 ± 0.007b	0.088 ± 0.015c	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z60	Anethol	1847	1851	3.355 ± 0.677c	0.641 ± 0.129a	1.763 ± 0.356b	3.802 ± 0.656c	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z61	Estragole	N/A	1641	2.191 ± 0.343b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.100 ± 0.020a	1.989 ± 0.421b	0.146 ± 0.030a	MS
z62	Tetraethyleneglycol	N/A	1722	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.064 ± 0.016c	0.028 ± 0.006b	MS
z63	Dimethyl	N/A	543	6.645 ± 1.341ab	11.204 ± 2.26c	4.407 ± 0.889a	9.382 ± 2.419b	5.493 ± 1.131a	MS

Phenol

z64	Phenol	2032	2047	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.416 ± 0.084b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.093 ± 0.024a	0.019 ± 0.004a	MS/LRI
z65	Butylated	1920	1911	0.065 ± 0.013a	0.467 ± 0.094c	0.506 ± 0.108c	0.121 ± 0.031a	0.263 ± 0.054b	MS/LRI
z66	4-Methylphenol	2079	2978	1.183 ± 0.239a	8.217 ± 2.247b	1.318 ± 0.281a	1.453 ± 0.375a	1.986 ± 0.409a	MS/LRI
z67	Eugenol	2156	2162	0.489 ± 0.099a	1.696 ± 0.464b	0.045 ± 0.01a	0.187 ± 0.048a	0.137 ± 0.028a	MS/LRI
z68	Isoeugenol	N/A	2299	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.039 ± 0.008a	0.147 ± 0.038b	0.137 ± 0.028a	MS

Acid and ester

z69	3-Methyl-1-butanol	N/A	1170	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.506 ± 0.131b	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z70	trans-Geranyl	1765	1781	0.000 ± 0.000a	1.484 ± 0.406c	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.490 ± 0.126b	0.092 ± 0.019a	MS/LRI
z71	α-Terpenyl	1685	1692	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.658 ± 0.180b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.142 ± 0.029a	MS/LRI
z72	4-Methylnonanoicacid	N/A	1302	2.98 ± 0.302c	2.701 ± 0.160c	1.107 ± 0.113a	1.742 ± 0.085b	0.995 ± 0.101a	MS
z73	16-Methyl-heptadecanecarboxylic	N/A	1590	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.100 ± 0.021b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z74	n-Hexadecanoic	2930	2922	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.158 ± 0.034b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI
z75	Octadecanoic	N/A	3132	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.433 ± 0.092b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z76	Acetic	1460	1459	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.038 ± 0.008b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS/LRI

Others

z77	3-(Chloromethyl)-furan	N/A	1365	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.010 ± 0.003a	0.527 ± 0.105c	0.076 ± 0.013a	0.343 ± 0.069 b	MS
z78	2-Acetyl-1,3-dioxolane	N/A	943	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.004 ± 0.001b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z79	Docosane	N/A	371	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.007 ± 0.002a	0.284 ± 0.057b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.009 ± 0.002a	MS
z80	Deoxy-celidoniol	N/A	460	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.018 ± 0.004b	MS
z81	Tricosane	N/A	376	0.042 ± 0.008b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z82	Triacontane	N/A	469	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.051 ± 0.01b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z83	Tetracosane	N/A	398	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.124 ± 0.025b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z84	Heptacosane	N/A	436	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.472 ± 0.095b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z85	Pentyl-oxirane	N/A	1102	0.039 ± 0.008b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.009 ± 0.002a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z86	Hexane	N/A	614	0.123 ± 0.037b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.462 ± 0.077c	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z87	Octane	N/A	819	0.067 ± 0.014b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.013 ± 0.003a	0.166 ± 0.028c	0.000 ± 0.000a	MS
z88	1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzene	1281	1289	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.039 ± 0.011a	3.223 ± 0.688b	0.000 ± 0.000a	0.068 ± 0.014a	MS/LRI

¹Concentrations are expressed in milligrams per 5 g roasted mutton, as mean ± SD of duplicate determinations on three roasted mutton-making trials. Means in the same row bearing the same letters do not differ significantly at . ²Total amount of VOCs extracted by SPME with fibre of CAR/PDMS from samples was calculated by using 1,2-dichlorobenzene as internal reference. ³Data were collected from the NIST Webbook of Chemistry. ⁴MS + LRI + Std, mass spectrum and LRI agree with those of authentic compounds; MS/LRI, mass spectrum identified using the NIST Mass Spectral Database and LRI agrees with the NIST14 libraries; N/A, not available.