Effect of Solar Drying and Vinegar Pretreatment on the Antioxidant Properties and Bioactive Compounds of Sliced Ginger

Table 2

Pungent and flavor compounds identified from the ethanol extract of Yellow ginger using different drying methods on dry basis (db).

Retention time (min)	Phytochemicals identified	Mol. formula/ wt	Fraction (%)
			Fresh	CSD	SSSD	OSD
3.58	Linalool	C10H18O (154)	0.78	—	0.15	0.07
5.14	endo-Borneol	C10H18O (154)	0.76	1.0	0.64	1.23
5.45	α-Terpineol	C10H18O (154)	0.45	0.13	0.29	0.16
5.53	Decanal	C10H20O (156)	—	0.24	0.29	0.12
6.07	β-Citral	C10H16O (152)	0.95	0.40	0.36	0.41
6.22	2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-	C10H18O (154)	0.19
6.52	α-Citral	C10H16O (152)	3.29	1.08	0.46	1.04
8.29	alfa-Copaene	C15H24 (204)	—	—	0.26	0.15
8.45	Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1α, 2β, 4β)]-	C15H24 (204)			0.47	0.14
8.61	trans-α-Bergamotene	C15H24 (204)	—	—	0.18	0.11
9.02	γ-Elemene	C15H24 (204)	0.18	—	0.44	0.15
9.25	cis-β-Farnesene	C15H24 (204)	0.17	—	0.39	0.16
9.43	Spiro[5.5]undec-2-ene, 3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylene-, (−)-	C15H24 (204)	0.51
9.51	Alloaromadendrene	C15H24 (204)	—	—	0.26	0.09
9.69	α-Curcumene	C15H22 (202)	1.76	1.72	3.40	2.29
9.78	Germacrene D	C15H24 (204)	—	0.61	1.4	0.62
9.95	Guaia-1(10), 11-diene	C15H24 (204)	1.6
9.96	α-Farnesene	C15H24 (204)	—	2.98
9.97	α-Zingiberene	C15H24 (204)	2.07	19.02	18.47	15.77
10.06	alpha-Himachalene	C15H24 (204)	0.70	2.43	7.30	2.54
10.11	γ-Muurolene	C15H24 (204)
10.18	(+)-epi-Bicyclosesquiphellandrene	C15H24 (204)	—	0.31
10.33	β-Sesquiphellandrene	C15H24 (204)	0.82	3.68	11.07	3.82
10.71	1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E)-	C15H26O (220)	0.33	—	0.65	0.32
10.88	4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol	C10H12O3 (180)	—	1.30	—	0.61
11.61	α-Acorenol	C15H26O (222)	0.37	—
11.70	1H-Cycloprop[e]azulene, 1a,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7b-octahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-, [1aR-(1aα,4α,4aβ,7bα)]-	C15H24 (204)	0.41
11.77	Unknown		—	12.71	0.04	5.30
12.04	2-Naphthalenemethanol, decahydro-α,α,4a-trimethyl-8-methylene-, [2R-(2α,4aα, 8aβ)]-	C15H26O (222)	0.76	0.22	0.86	0.25
12.28	cis-Sesquisabinene hydrate	C15H26O (222)	—	0.30	1.05	0.35
12.40	1H-3a,7-Methanoazulen-5-ol, octahydro-3,8,8-trimethyl-6-methylene-	C15H24O (220)	0.27	0.19	0.55	0.24
13.37	2S,4aS,5R,8aS)-2-Allyl-5-((Z)-pent-2-en-4-yn-1-yl) decahydroquinoline	C17H25N (243)	0.45
13.74	cis-Z-α-Bisabolene epoxide	C15H24O (220)	—	3.64	0.77	0.23
14.07	4-(1-Hydroperoxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexyl)-pent-3-en-2-one	C14H22O3 (238)	—	—	0.67	0.23
14.29	Phthalic acid, isobutyl octyl ester	C20H30O4 (334)	0.05
15.52	Geranyl-p-cymene	C20H30 (270)	0.74	0.14	0.28	2.64
15.60	n-Hexadecanoic acid	C16H32O2 (256)	0.36
15.74	Anthrone	C14H10O (194)	0.81
15.87	Geranyl-α-terpinene	C20H32 (272)	—	0.09	0.42	0.09
16.58	1,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraen-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (E,E)-	C20H34O (290)	—	0.11	0.42	0.09
17.67	(−)-Nortrachelogenin	C20H22O7 (374)	0.66
17.99	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-	C18H32O2 (280)	0.03
18.30	trans-Sesquisabinene hydrate	C15H26O (222)	—	0.10	0.56	0.09
19.25	Zingerone	C11H14O3 (194)	2.77	2.96	2.31	8.15
19.44	3-Decanone, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-	C17H26O3 (278)	—	1.05	0.78	0.99
22.30	2-Heptanone, 6-(3,5-dimethyl-2-furanyl)-6-methyl-	C14H22O2 (222)	1.25
21.92	Gingerol	C17H26O4 (294)	47.97	34.98	32.49	33.33
23.10	3-Benzofuranmethanol, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-7-methoxy-	C20H22O6 (358)	—	0.60	1.00	0.73
23.43	7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 1-(1,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadienyl)-2,2,6-trimethyl-, (E)-	C15H24O (220)	7.79	1.33	1.56	2.12
24.81	Benz[e]azulene-3,8-dione,3a, 4,6a,7,9,10,10a,10b-octahydro-3a,10a-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-7-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2,10-dimethyl-, [3aR-(3aα,6aα,7α,10β,10aβ,10bβ)]-	C20H28O6 (364)	1.35
24.85	Aspidinol	C12H16O4 (224)	—	2.20	2.58	2.51
25.31	2,4-Dihydroxyphenylbenzyl ketone		1.74
26.58	6-(3,5-Dimethyl-furan-2-yl)-6-methyl-hept-3-en-2-one	C14H20O2 (220)	7.56	2.78	3.02	4.10
27.10	1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone	C15H13NO6 (303)	10.35	2.38	2.03	4.27
27.81	2H-Pyran, 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy) tetrahydro-	C22H40O2	—	0.24	0.31	0.13
31.02	Cannabinol, trifluoroacetate	C23H25F3O3 (406)	—	—	—	0.29
31.92	Spiro[3-cyclohexene-1,2′-[2H]furo[3,2-f][1]benzopyran]-2,5-dione, 1′,7′-dihydro-3,4,4′,5′,7′,7′-hexamethyl-1′-(2-methylpropenyl)-	C26H30O4 (406)	—	—	—	0.30
31.92	2H-3,9a-Methano-1-benzoxepin, octahydro-2,2,5a,9-tetramethyl-,[3R-(3α,5aα,9α,9aα)]-	C15H26O (222)	—	0.33	0.77	1.44
31.94	2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-3,4-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-, (3R-trans)-	C20H22O6 (358)	—	0.71	1.00	2.31