Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Some Stored Grain Insects and Their Infested Flour Using the BHK-21 Cell Line in an In Vitro Experimental Model

Table 4

Characteristic FTIR absorption peaks of functional groups.

Function groups	Position (cm^−1)	Intensity	Notes
Alkanes
C-H stretch	2990–2850	m to s
Alkenes
=C-H stretch	3100–3000	m
C=C stretch	1680–1620 (sat.)	w to m
	1650–1600 (conj.)	w to m
=C-H bend	995–685	S	See Table 2 for details
Alkynes
≡C-H stretch	3310–3200	S
C≡C stretch	2250–2100	m to w
Aromatic compounds
C-H stretch	3100–3000	m to w
C=C stretch region	1625–1440	m to	Hidden in fingerprint
C-H bend	900–680	S	See Table 2 for details
Alcohols
O-H stretch	3550–3200	br, s	Hydrogen bonded (typical)
Amines
N-H stretch secondary (one band)	3550–3250	br, m	Primary (two bands)
Nitriles
C≡N stretch	2280–2200	S
Aldehydes
C-H stretch	2900–2800 and
	2800–2700	S
H-C=O fermi doublet C=O stretch	1740–1720 (sat.)	S
	1715–1680 (conj.)	S
Ketones
C=O stretch	1750–1705 (sat.)
	1700–1665 (conj.)	S
Esters
C=O stretch	1765–1735 (sat.)	S
	1730–1715 (conj.)	S
Carboxylic acids
O-H stretch	3200–2500	br, m to w
C=O stretch	1725–1700 (sat.)	S
	1715–1680 (conj.)	S
Amides
N-H stretch	3500–3150	m	Primary (two bands) secondary (one band)
C=O stretch	1700–1630	S
Anhydrides
C=O stretch	1850–1800	S
	1790–1740	S
Acid chlorides
C=O stretch	1815–1770	S
Nitro compounds
NO2 stretch	1570–1490 and	S
	1390–1300	S
Thiols†
R-S-H stretch	2550–2600
Alkyl and aryl halides†
C-F stretch	1000–1400		Hidden in the fingerprint region
C-Cl stretch	<600–840
C-Br stretch	<700
C-I stretch	<600

s = strong; m = medium; w = weak; br = broad; sat. = saturated; conj. = conjugated; alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids, and anhydrides also absorb in the fingerprint region due to the C-O stretch (1300–1000, s).