Research Article

Improving the Functional and Sensory Properties of Cookies by Ultrasonic Treatment of Whey Proteins

Table 1

Definition, evaluation procedure, scale, and references used for the attribute measurement.

DescriptorDefinitionScales and references

Appearance whey presenceVisual observation of wheyAbsence(0)Amount as a teaspoon (10)
Mouth texture friabilityAbility to generate cheese fragment from the beginning of chewingSkimmed plain yoghurt Larsa(0)Curd brand Asturiana (10)
SolubilityAbility of the sample to melt with salivaCurd Asturiana (5)
MoistnessPerception of water absorbed or released by that product during early masticationBanana (0)Skimmed plain yoghurt Larsa (10)
GraininessPerception of coarse particles in the mouthWhey cheese Arquega (5)
FlouryPerception of floury texture in the mouthRipe golden apple (0)Canned beans without skin (10)
CreaminessPerception of thickness and smoothness pressing the sample between the tongue and palateSkimmed plain yoghurt (0)Spreadable cheese Philadelphia (10)

Taste and aroma
Acid tasteBasic taste similar to that of diluted aqueous solution of citric acid0.13 g/L (5)
Salty tasteBasic taste similar to that of diluted aqueous solution of sodium chloride0.70 g/L (5)
Bitter tasteBasic taste similar to that of diluted aqueous solution of caffeine0.54 g/L (5)
Fresh cheese flavorIntensity of the olfactory- gustatory sensation perceived during mastication associated with typical aroma of fresh cheeseCommercial cheese Burgos type (5)
Milk flavorIntensity of the olfactory-gustatory sensation perceived during mastication associated with raw milk at room temperatureAbsence (0)Full fat milk (10)
Strange flavorNo typical aromas related to fresh cheeseAbsence (0)Intense (10)
After tasteIntensity of the olfactory-gustatory sensation perceived after mastication and swallowing the sampleAbsence (0)Intense (10)
PersistencyDuration of the olfactory-gustatory sensation perceived after the bolus leaves of the mouth≤10 s≥60 s (10)