Simultaneous Determination of B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, and B12 Vitamins in Premix and Fortified Flour Using HPLC/DAD: Effect of Detection Wavelength

Albawarshi, Y.; Amr, A.; Al-Ismail, K.; Shahein, M.; Majdalawi, M.; Saleh, M.; Khamaiseh, A.; El-Eswed, B.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9065154

Journal of Food Quality

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Additional Points Consent Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 9065154 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9065154

Simultaneous Determination of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B_9, and B₁₂ Vitamins in Premix and Fortified Flour Using HPLC/DAD: Effect of Detection Wavelength

Y. Albawarshi,¹A. Amr,²K. Al-Ismail,²M. Shahein,²M. Majdalawi,¹M. Saleh,²A. Khamaiseh,²and B. El-Eswed¹

Academic Editor: Muhammad Faisal Manzoor

Received28 Apr 2022

Revised06 Aug 2022

Accepted10 Aug 2022

Published05 Sept 2022

Abstract

Simultaneous determination of water-soluble B vitamins is a troublesome analytical procedure since they have greatly variable structures and acid-base properties which imposed difficulties on eluting them in short time and selecting wavelength of detection. The aim of the present study was to develop a simple method that overcomes these difficulties. The method was successful in simultaneous determination of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ in premix and fortified flour by extracting vitamins with 0.1% (w/v) of ascorbate and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution followed by eluting using gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.03% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution (pH 2.6) and acetonitrile on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument coupled with diode array detector (DAD). Elution of vitamins was completed within 9.3 min, and the lowest values obtained for limit of quantification (LOQ) for B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ were 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 μg/mL, respectively, at four wavelengths of 361, 280, 265, and 210 nm. In general, variation of wavelength of detection in the range from 210 to 361 nm affects sensitivity but had a marginal effect on the linearity and LOQ of the developed method and its application for determining B vitamins in premix and fortified flour. The 210 nm wavelength exhibited the highest sensitivity though resulted in higher values of B vitamins in fortified flour with respect to 265, 280, and 361 nm. Noteworthy, determination of B₂ and B₁₂ in the premix at 361 nm had relatively high RSD values compared to the lower wavelengths. Thus, wavelengths in the range from 265 to 280 may be more favorable over 210 and 361 nm. The method reported in the present work does not require any sample cleanup/preconcentration steps, and chromatographic elution was achieved in 9.3 min without the need for ion-pairing reagents.

1. Introduction

More than two billion people have micronutrient deficiencies in the world due to dietary deficiency of vitamins and minerals. The prevalence of vitamin deficiencies has serious effects, especially on those suffering from poverty, food insecurity, and lack of health knowledge [1, 2]. Unfortunately, young children and pregnant women are the most affected sector by these deficiencies which cause health problems in the growth, resistance to infection, and development of cognition in fetal and child [3, 4].

Since most of wheat vitamins (thiamine B₁, riboflavin B₂, niacinamide B₃, pyridoxine B₆, and tocopherol E vitamins) are concentrated in the outer layer of the wheat grain, their concentrations in flour are reduced significantly after milling and purification [5]. Consequently, fortification of flour with vitamins “premix” was adopted to compensate for this loss and thus to improve the nutritional quality of flour [6]. The Food Fortification Initiative [7] defines premix as a powdery blend of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, calcium carbonate, and carriers such as modified starch, rice hulls, and wheat middling [8]. However, the homogeneity of these solid components in commercial premixes is rarely fulfilled [9, 10], which affects the efficiency of fortification. Depending on quality assurance data from 20 national fortification programs in 12 countries, Luthringer et al. [11] found that only less than half of the samples were adequately fortified. This necessitates the development of a simple analytical method for routine determination of vitamins in premix and fortified flour.

Few studies were reported for simultaneous determination of B vitamins (Table 1) in energy drinks [17], pharmaceuticals [12], multivitamin dietary supplements [14, 18], low-calorie food and multivitamin pill [16], and baby foods [13]. All these studies (Table 1) employed gradient elution on HPLC-DAD or UV instruments with nonpolar stationary phase such as C18 or C30 except the work of Vinas et al. [13] which used amide C16. Almagro et al. [12], Gliszczynska-Swiglo and Rybicka [17], and Sasaki et al. [18] added sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium hexane sulfate to the mobile phase to reduce the retention times of vitamins by forming reversed phase micelles. Relatively highly acidic phosphoric acid buffer was used in these studies (except Vinas et al. [13]), which resulted in lower retention times for pyridinic-based B vitamins (Figure 1). We have noticed that these studies suffer from some difficulties. The first is that simultaneous determination of B vitamins, especially in short retention times, was a challenging issue since the retention times of B₁, B₃, and B₆ increase with decreasing pH of mobile phase. On the hand, the retention time of B₉ (folic acid) decreases with increasing pH, and the retention times of B₂ and B₉ are independent on pH [15]. The second difficulty is that these reported methods varied greatly in detection wavelengths as shown in Table 1, which explicate a question about the importance of detection wavelength in the simultaneous determination of B vitamins, especially if we consider the difference among these vitamins in conjugation structure and chromophores (Figure 1).

To the limit of our knowledge, there are two previous studies (Bendryshev et al. [15, 19]) that were directed to simultaneous determination of B vitamins in premix (Table 1). Bendryshev et al. [15] reported a simultaneous method for analysis of B₁, B₂, B₆, and B₉ in premix using HPLC-DAD, C18, and gradient mobile phase composed of 0.6% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (pH 1.7) in a run time of about 30 min. Extraction of B vitamins from the premix was carried out using 1% solution of phosphoric acid (pH 1.5). Hosain et al. [19] reported a method that depends on extracting B vitamins from premix using distilled water followed by simultaneous analysis of B₁, B₂, B₆, and B₁₂ using HPLC-UV, C18, and gradient mobile phase composed of 0.025 M KH₂PO₄, 0.005 M sodium hexanesulfonate, and methanol (pH 4) in a run time of about 25 min. The aim of the present work is to develop a method for simultaneous chromatographic analysis of six water-soluble vitamins including B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ in premix and fortified flour using HPLC/DAD, C18, and gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.03% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water (pH 2.6) and acetonitrile. Special attention was given for eluting vitamins in short time and studying the effect of wavelengths of detection (210, 265, 280, and 361 nm), which are usually used in the literature for detection of B vitamins (Table 1).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All vitamins used were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). HPLC grade water, methanol, acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), EDTA, and sodium hydroxide were from Merck (Geneva, Switzerland). Polyvitaminated premix was provided by Jordanian Ministry of Health, and straight flour was obtained from Jordan Silos and Supply Company. Fortified flour was prepared by homogenizing 1 kg with 250 mg premix.

2.2. Preparation of Standards

Stock solutions (100 μg/mL) of B₁ (CAS 70–16–6), B₃ (CAS 98–92–0), B₆ (CAS 65–23–6), and B₁₂ (CAS 68–19–9) were prepared by dissolving 5 mg of each vitamin in 50 mL HPLC grade water. On the other hand, stock solutions of B₂ (CAS 83–88–5) and B₉ (CAS 59–30–3) were prepared by dissolving 5 mg of these vitamins in 50 mL of 0.025% sodium hydroxide solution and then mixed with former solution to prepare a stock solution that contains all the B vitamins. The stock solution was kept in capped amber vials and stored at −18°C to avoid degradation. Working standards ranging from 0.1 to 20 μg/mL were prepared daily by diluting stock solution of vitamins using HPLC grade water.

2.3. Extraction of Vitamins from Premix and Fortified Flour

0.1 g of premix or fortified flour sample, weighed to the nearest 0.0001 g, was mixed with 10 mL solution containing 0.1% (w/v) of each of ascorbate (antioxidant) and EDTA (chelating agent) in 25 mL conical centrifuge tube, followed by vortexing for 1 minute, shaking for 15 minutes in water bath at 50°C (Memmert WB 14, Germany), and centrifuging (Hermle Z 206 A, Germany) at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected, and the precipitate was re-extracted with 5 mL of the extracting solution. The supernatants were combined and finally filtered through a 0.45 μm nylon membrane and delivered for HPLC analysis. All extraction steps were performed under subdued light conditions to prevent vitamins from degradation.

2.4. Chromatographic Conditions

The standard solutions and extracts of vitamins were analyzed using Thermo Scientific Dionex UltiMate®3000 HPLC instrument consisting of an LPG 3400 SD pump, ACC-3000 autosampler, DAD detector, and controlled with Chromeleon® 6.80 Chromatography Data System (CDS) software. Reverse phase-HPLC with ACEC18-AR (250 × 4.6 mm; 5 μm) column and gradient elution (Table 2) was applied using mobile phase consisting of 0.03% trifluoroacetic acid in water at pH 2.6 (A) and acetonitrile (B). The injection volume was 20 μl, the flow rate was 0.9 mL/min, and the column temperature was 35°C. The signal (peak area) of each vitamin was recorded at four wavelengths of 361, 280, 265, and 210 nm.

2.5. Method Validation

Analytical method developed in the present work was validated by measuring the basic parameters of the validation process such as system suitability, precision, linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), and recovery. The validation parameters were evaluated according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) [21].

2.5.1. System Suitability

The system suitability was evaluated by injecting 9 replicates of 20 μl of a standard mixture solution of B vitamins (5.0 μg/ml for each vitamin). The acceptance criteria of the relative standard deviation (RSD) for retention time and peak area (PA) are less than 2%, the number of theoretical plates (TP) is more than 2000, tailing factor (TF) is less than 2, and peak resolution (RS) is greater than 2.

2.5.2. Precision

Precision of the method was determined by repeatability and intermediate precision. A concentration of 4 μg/mL of B vitamins mixture was analyzed in 6 independent series during the same day (repeatability) and over 7 consecutive days (intermediate precision).

2.5.3. Linearity

The linearity of the method was evaluated by injecting 7 standard mixtures of B vitamins which ranged from 0.1 to 20 μg/mL. Calibration curves with regression equations and R² were obtained for these vitamins.

2.5.4. LOD and LOQ

The limit of detection (LOD = 3.3 multiplied by the error in Y intercept divided by the slope of calibration curve) and limit of quantification (LOQ = 3 multiplied by LOD) were calculated from the calibration curves according to the guidelines of ICH [22]. This approach may be considered as the most robust evaluation criteria [23].

2.5.5. Recovery

In the present work, spiking blank matrix with vitamins was not possible in the case of premix which contains large amounts of B vitamins. However, fortification of flour using premix may be considered as a kind of spiking. Thus, the measured per claimed % of B vitamins in premix and flour was adopted in the present work as an estimation of recovery.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Method Validation

In the present work, simultaneous elution of B vitamins was conducted in short time (<9.3 min) as shown in Figure 2. The elution times of reported methods are generally high, though they used ion pairing agents (25-60 min), except the work of Almagro et al. [12] which had 12 min. elution time (Table 1). Bendryshev et al. [15] reported that increasing the pH of mobile phase resulted in an increase in the retention time of B_1, B₃, and B₆ vitamins, decrease of the retention time of B₉, and small effect on B₂ and B₁₂, reflecting the difficulty of eluting these vitamins in short time.

As shown in Figure 2, the retention times obtained for B₁ (4.42 min), B₃ (5.03), B₆ (6.33), B₉ (8.04), B₁₂ (8.33), and B₂ (9.28) are relatively low. This could be explained by the fact that the low pH (2.6) of the mobile (0.03% trifluoroacetic acid) phase causes protonation of B₁, B₃, and B₆, which contain basic pyridine moiety and have relatively lower molar mass than B₂, B₉, and B₁₂. Protonation of the pyridinic moiety results in an increase of solubility of vitamins in the mobile phase and consequently decreases their retention time. As shown in Table 1, the same order of elution was reported by Bendryshev et al. [15], Suh et al. [16], and Chen and Wolf [14] using acidic mobile phases (pH 1-3). However, different elution orders of B vitamins were reported when ion-pairing agents were employed [12, 17, 18], as shown in Table 1.

The system suitability parameters (Table 3) showed that the percentage of RSD for retention time and peak area (PA) ≤ 2%, the number of theoretical plates (TP) is more than 2000, tailing factor (TF) ≤ 2, and resolution (RS) > 2, which reflected that the values are within the specified limits of the ICH validation guidelines [22]. Precision (RSD % for peak area) under repeatability conditions (n = 6) and intermediate precision (n = 7) was ≤2 as shown in Table 4. From the linearity of Figure 3 and Table 5, it is found that all the vitamins maintain excellent linearity (R² > 0.999) within the concentration range of 0.1-20 μg/mL. The lowest values obtained for limit of quantification (LOQ) of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ were 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 μg/mL (Table 5).

3.2. Effect of Detection Wavelength on Sensitivity, LOD, and LOQ of B Vitamins Standards

The calibration curves (equation and R²), sensitivity (slope of calibration curve), limit of detection, and limit of quantification of B vitamins at different wavelengths of detection are presented in Figure 3 and Table 5. All the calibration curves exhibit R² > 0.997 (except B₂ at 210 nm), suggesting that the developed method exhibits good linearity (Figure 3) at all wavelengths of detection. The highest sensitivity (slope of calibration curve) for determination of B₁ and B₂ was at wavelength of 265 nm and that of B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ was at 210 nm (Table 5). The high absorbance at 210 nm may be due to n − π transition which has high molar absorptivity. The lowest LOQ values for B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ were 0.6 μg/mL (280/265 nm), 0.2 μg/mL (265/280/361 nm), 0.8 μg/L (265 nm), 0.3 μg/mL (210 nm), 0.5-0.6 μg/L (210/265/280/361 nm), and 0.2 μg/mL (210 nm), respectively (Table 5). Although the wavelength of 210 nm exhibits the lowest LOQ for B₆ and B₁₂, it gives the highest LOQ in the case of B₁, B₂, and B₃. Thus, good performance was found at 210 nm although it is close to the cutoff frequency of the mobile phase which contains acetonitrile. In agreement with these findings, Sasaki reported simultaneous determination of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ in multivitamin dietary supplements using HPLC–UV at 210 nm [18]. On the other hand, higher wavelengths were preferred by other workers as shown in Table 1.

3.3. Determination of Vitamins in the Premix

Figure 4 showed typical chromatograms of B vitamins extracted from the premix using mild extractant containing 0.1% (w/v) ascorbate (antioxidant) and EDTA (chelating agent). B vitamins are commonly extracted from premix by strong acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, and trichloroacetic acid) [24, 25] and highly toxic sodium cyanide [26] which prevents binding of metal ions (present in the premix) to the vitamins.

The measured and labeled (claimed) values of B vitamins in premix are given in Table 6. The percentage of measured per claimed values (M/C %) of B₂, B₃, and B₆ ranges from 85-103%, indicating that the determined values are close to the labeled ones. In general, there was no significant effect of wavelength on the M/C % values of vitamins. Remarkably, the M/C % of B₉ was between 14-17% due to the limited solubility of folic acid (B₉) in the extractant. Thus, basic medium may be necessary to extract folic acid. The M/C % of B₁ and B₁₂ was 124-125% and 140-158%, respectively. Since the M/C % values were not affected by wavelength of detection, it seems that the premix contains more B₁ and B₁₂ than the claimed or labeled values. Noteworthy, determination of B₂ and B₁₂ in the premix at 361 nm had relatively high RSD values compared to the lower wavelengths.

3.4. Determination of Vitamins in Fortified Flour

Figure 5 showed typical chromatograms of B vitamins extracted from the fortified flour, and the percentage of measured per claimed (M/C %) values of B vitamins in fortified flour is given in Table 5. The M/C % values of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ in fortified flour were 91-103, 61-95, 72-75, 118-139, 15-18, and 105-135, respectively. Thus, it was possible to get values that are close to the claimed values except in the case of B₉ which has low solubility in the extractant. Using 210 nm wavelength of detection, the determined amounts of B₁, B₂, B₆, and B₁₂ in fortified flour were higher than those obtained at the other wavelengths (Table 7), indicating some interference effect from the components of flour. This effect was not observed in the case of premix, reflecting the simplicity of premix matrix compared to flour. Despite the 210 nm, there was no significant effect of other detection wavelengths (265, 280, and 361 nm) on the measured values of B vitamins in fortified flour.

4. Conclusion

Fortification of flour with premix is necessary to compensate for the loss of vitamins arising from processing of wheat grain. To ensure adequate fortification, routine simple analytical methods must be developed to determine the amount of B vitamins in premix and fortified flour. Simultaneous HPLC determination of water-soluble B vitamins is a troublesome analytical procedure in the literature since they have greatly variable structures and acid-base properties which imposed difficulties on eluting them in short time and selecting wavelength of detection. In the present work, a simple method was developed for simultaneous determination of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, B₉, and B₁₂ in premix and fortified flour by extracting vitamins with 0.1% (w/v) of ascorbate and EDTA solution followed by eluting using HPLC-DAD, C18, and gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.03% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution (pH 2.6) and acetonitrile. Elution of vitamins was completed within 9.3 min with detection limits ranging from 0.2-0.8 μg/L. In general, variation of wavelength of detection in the range from 210 to 361 nm affects sensitivity but had a marginal effect on the linearity and LOQ of the developed method and its application for determining B vitamins in premix and fortified flour. The 210 nm wavelength exhibited the highest sensitivity though resulted in higher values of B vitamins in fortified flour with respect to 265, 280, and 361 nm. Furthermore, determination of B₂ and B₁₂ in the premix at 361 nm had relatively high RSD values compared to the other wavelengths.

Data Availability

Data available will be available on request by the corresponding author.

Additional Points

All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or nonfinancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. This research does not involve human participants and/or animals.

The authors declare that informed consent was not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Copyright © 2022 Y. Albawarshi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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