Pesticide Residues and Associated Public Health Risks in Vegetables from Irrigated Farms Adjacent to Rift Valley Lake Ziway, Ethiopia

Table 4

Pesticide concentrations (mg/kg, wet weight) in tomato and onion from the study sites (mean ± SD, n = 15).

Vegetables	Pesticides	Site 1 (Abenea-Girmama)	Site 2 (Wellibulla)	Site 3 (Girrissa)	MRL (mg/kg)
					CA	EU
Tomato	β-BHC	0.037 ± 0.006^a	0.016 ± 0.011^c	0.026 ± 0.01^b	0.01	0.01
	Heptachlor	0.015 ± 0.003^a	BDL	0.01 ± 0.004^b	NA	0.01
	α-Endosulfan	0.575 ± 0.08^a	0.264 ± 0.12^c	0.346 ± 0.248^b	0.5	0.05
	Malathion	0.01 ± 0.001^b	BDL	0.031 ± 0.02^a	0.5	0.02
	Propargite	BDL	0.053 ± 0.004^a	0.012 ± 0.002^b	2	0.01
Onion	α-BHC	0.01 ± 0.005^a	0.004 ± 0.002^b		0.01	0.01
	Heptachlor epoxide	0.01 ± 0.004^b	0.04 + 0.004^a		NA	0.01
	Heptachlor	BDL	0.01 ± 0.004		NA	0.01
	Malathion	BDL	0.02 ± 0.01		1	0.02
	Propargite	0.04 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.001^a		NA	0.01

Note. Mean values with different superscript letters in a row are different from each other. Values in bold are those above the maximum residue limit (MRL) in the diet of humans according to the EU-MRL standards and CA = Codex Alimentarius. BDL = below detection limit. Values in bold indicate values above the EU-MRL.  = sample from 3rd site was not available.