Review Article
[Retracted] Influence of Mindfulness and Relaxation on Treatment of Essential Hypertension: Meta-Analysis
Table 1
Characteristics of included studies.
| | Parameters | [22] | [23] | [24] | [25] | [26] |
| | Clinical trial types | Randomized controlled trial | Randomized controlled trial | Randomized controlled trial | Blind-controlled pilot trial | Prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled study | | Patient characteristics | Hypertensive | Adolescents | Adolescent | Hypertensive adults | Normotensive men | | Interventions | Mindfulness-based stress reduction | Transcendental meditation | Transcendental meditation | Contemplative meditation with breathing techniques | Transcendental meditation | | Hypertension at baseline (yes/no) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | | Blood pressure measurement | Ambulatory meter | Ambulatory meter | Ambulatory meter | Ambulatory meter | Ambulatory meter | | Study duration (weeks) | 48 | 8 | 17 | 8 | 15 | | Control/intervention sample size | 51/51 | 17/18 | 79/77 | 26/26 | 32/32 | | Mean age (years) | 56 | 17 | 16 | 53 | 25 | | Male % | 38 | 54.5 | 31.5 | 65.4 | 100 | | Systolic blood pressure (control) (S.D) | | Baseline mean | 134 (7.4) | 118.8 (8.2) | 130.6 (7.8) | 147 (7.9) | 128.8 (6.2) | | Final mean | NA | 121.4 (11.2) | 130.5 (8.5) | 150 (11.5) | NA | | Mean change (mmHg) | −0.4 (7.8) | 2.6 (8.1) | −0.1 (6.7) | 0 (10.2) | −1.3 (8) | | Diastolic blood pressure (control) | | Baseline mean | 82 (5.3) | 59.7 (5.8) | 75.8 (5.7) | 100 (8.4) | 70.6 (3.8) | | Final mean | NA | 60.8 (7.9) | 75.9 (8.1) | 94 (7.1) | NA | | Mean change (mmHg) | −0.4 (4.6) | 1.2 (5.8) | 0.1 (5.9) | −2 (7.4) | 0.5 (7.6) | | Systolic blood pressure (intervention) | | Baseline mean | 135 (8.4) | 124.7 (9.1) | 129.2 (7.8) | 151 (10.2) | 128.8 (6.7) | | Final mean | NA | 119.9 (9.1) | 125.7 (8.5) | 136 (10.5) | NA | | Mean change (mmHg) | −0.4 (6.7) | −4.8 (8.3) | 3.6 (7.5) | −11 (6.6) | 1.4 (7.1) | | Diastolic blood pressure (intervention) | | Baseline mean | 82 (6.2) | 61.6 (7.1) | 75.3 (6.4) | 96 (7.7) | 70.6 (4.9) | | Final mean | NA | 58.1 (8.5) | 71.7 (8.1) | 84 (6.6) | NA | | Mean change (mmHg) | 0.04 (4.9) | −3.5 (9.9) | 3.7 (9.2) | −13 (8.9) | −4.8 (9) |
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