[Retracted] Tooth Loss and the Incidence of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Exposures, outcomes, and adjustment variables of seven included studies of tooth loss in relation to incidence of ischemic stroke.

Author (year)	Tooth loss evaluation	Ischemic stroke assessment	Effect estimates	Risk	Adjustment variables
Wu et al. (2000)	Dental examination	Review of medical history, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke	RR	No periodontal disease: 1.00^R	Age, sex, race, education, poverty index, diabetes status, hypertension, smoking status, average alcohol use, body mass index, and serum cholesterol
				Edentulous: 1.41 (0.96–2.06)
Joshipura et al. (2003)	Self-reported questionnaire	Medical evaluation and self-reports, only including ischemic stroke	HR	25–32 teeth: 1.00^R	Age, smoking, alcohol consumptions, body mass index, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, multivitamin supplement use, vitamin E use, history of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and professions
				17–24 teeth: 1.50 (1.14–1.97)
				11–16 teeth: 1.74 (1.08–2.81)
				0–10 teeth:1.66 (1.10–2.51)
Joshy et al. (2016)	Self-reported questionnaire	Medical evaluation and self-reports, only including ischemic stroke	HR	20 teeth: 1^R	Age, sex, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, Australian born status, region of residence, education, health insurance, physical activity, and body mass index
				10–19 teeth: 1.11 (0.72–1.73)
				1–9 teeth: 0.90 (0.59–1.40)
				None: 1.20 (0.90–1.62)
Lee et al. (2019)	Dental examination	Medical evaluation, only including ischemic stroke	HR	28 teeth: 1^R	Age, sex, body mass index, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, smoking history, drinking history, exercise habits, and low income level
				24–27 teeth: 1.12 (1.09–1.16)
				14–23 teeth: 1.26 (1.20–1.32)
				1–13 teeth: 1.28 (1.18–1.39)
				None: 1.30 (1.13–1.50)
				Total: 1.015 (1.012–1.018)
Grau et al. (2004)	Dental examination	Medical evaluation, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack	OR	No tooth loss: 1.0^R	Age and sex
				1–19 teeth loss: 0.97 (0.42–2.2)
				20–27 teeth loss: 0.75 (0.27–2.05)
				All teeth loss: 1.50 (0.52–4.44)
Palm et al. (2014)	Dental examination and interview using a structured questionnaire	Medical evaluation, self-reports and review of medical history, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack	-value	Teeth number	None
				Cases: 13.8 ± 10.8
				Population controls: 16.6 ± 10.1
				-value: 0.04
Leao et al. (2021)	Dental examination	Medical evaluation, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack	-value	Teeth number	None
				Cases: 11.78 ± 10.06
				Hospital controls: 18.53 ± 8.02
				-value: <0.01