Effect of Unilateral Knee Extension Restriction on the Lumbar Region during Gait

Table 2

Internal joint moment, muscle force, and joint force around the L4–5 joint during gait under three conditions (mean ± standard deviation).

		Normal	15°	30°	F or χ^2	value	η^2
L4–5 moment (Nm/kg)
Extension	1st	0.17 ± 0.08	0.29 ± 0.11	0.38 ± 0.15	χ^2 = 18.47	<0.001	0.543
	2nd	0.15 ± 0.08	0.34 ± 0.15	0.44 ± 0.16	F = 29.30	<0.001	0.440
Lateral	1st	−0.20 ± 0.04	−0.24 ± 0.06	−0.24 ± 0.07	F = 4.38	0.021	0.093
	2nd	0.18 ± 0.06	0.22 ± 0.06	0.24 ± 0.08	F = 7.55	0.002	0.120
Muscle force (%BW)
Multifidus	Right	1.64 ± 1.12	5.42 ± 2.71	7.03 ± 3.38	F = 28.81	<0.001	0.433
	Left	1.57 ± 0.80	3.65 ± 1.94	5.25 ± 2.32	F = 27.32	<0.001	0.411
Erector spinae
Right	1st	20.49 ± 12.25	26.22 ± 12.05	31.66 ± 8.77	χ^2 = 9.29	0.010	0.273
	2nd	21.55 ± 7.84	36.23 ± 11.80	43.47 ± 12.75	F = 22.67	<0.001	0.407
Left	1st	23.88 ± 10.08	33.06 ± 13.17	40.49 ± 14.14	χ^2 = 15.65	<0.001	0.460
	2nd	15.50 ± 5.79	29.85 ± 10.24	36.33 ± 10.10	F = 26.42	<0.001	0.486
L4–5 force (%BW)
Anterior	1st	17.45 ± 10.88	18.23 ± 10.16	19.93 ± 5.55	χ^2 = 5.06	0.080	0.149
	2nd	15.03 ± 3.82	18.83 ± 3.96	20.52 ± 3.30	F = 12.34	<0.001	0.425
Lateral	1st	2.18 ± 0.94	1.87 ± 1.15	1.86 ± 1.27	F = 2.32	0.115	0.017
	2nd	−2.08 ± 0.53	−1.93 ± 1.03	−1.97 ± 1.11	F = 0.22	0.800	0.004
Vertical	1st	130.23 ± 74.79	136.87 ± 69.58	143.27 ± 34.21^†	χ^2 = 9.29	0.010	0.273
	2nd	117.46 ± 18.43	133.43 ± 23.70	144.49 ± 21.16	F = 7.50	0.002	0.204

1st indicates the peak of 0%–30%, and 2nd indicates the peak of 50%–80% of the right gait cycle. vs. Normal; vs. Normal; †p < 0.05 vs. 15°; ‡p < 0.01 vs. 15°.