[Retracted] Biometric Authentication for Intelligent and Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Systems

Table 1

List of existing methods with their approaches and limitations.

Scheme	Year	Approach	Limitations
[20]	2012	Asymmetric	Forgery attacks are possible
[21]	2015	Cryptographic hash function	Vulnerable to impersonation attacks and insider attacks
[22]	2012	Symmetric encryption	User tracking attacks are possible
[23]	2016	Cryptographic hash function	Experiencing issues with transmitting secrecy and revocability
[13]	2018	Fingerprint verification	Fingerprints can also be stolen by capturing your prints without you knowing
[18]	2015	Hardware tokens	Many people find it difficult to carry hardware tokens and may lose them sometimes
[24]	2020	Bloom filter and format-preserving encryption	The primary downside is its probabilistic nature