The Immediate Effect of Backward Walking on External Knee Adduction Moment in Healthy Individuals
Table 2
Comparison of biomechanical data between FW and BW (bold indicates significance).
Variables
FW
BW
Mean difference
value
Walking speed (m/s)
1.30 ± 0.10
0.97 ± 0.13
−0.33 ± 0.11
<0.001
The first EKAM peak (Nm/kg)
0.38 ± 0.13
0.28 ± 0.13
−0.09 ± 0.12
<0.001
The second EKAM peak (Nm/kg)
0.25 ± 0.12
0.21 ± 0.08
−0.03 ± 0.09
0.008
The first peak EKAM arm (m)
0.05 ± 0.04
0.03 ± 0.01
−0.01 ± 0.02
0.02
The second peak EKAM arm (m)
0.03 ± 0.02
0.03 ± 0.01
−0.003 ± 0.02
0.25
KAAI (Nm/kg)•s
0.12 ± 0.06
0.10 ± 0.05
−0.01 ± 0.04
0.02
Early stance medial-lateral GRF (body weight)
0.06 ± 0.01
-0.08 ± 0.02
−0.14 ± 0.03
<0.001
Late stance medial-lateral GRF (body weight)
0.05 ± 0.02
-0.05 ± 0.01
−0.10 ± 0.03
<0.001
The first peak of vertical GRF (body weight)
1.15 ± 0.09
1.32 ± 0.14
0.16 ± 0.13
<0.001
The second peak of vertical GRF (body weight)
1.13 ± 0.08
0.96 ± 0.07
−0.19 ± 0.08
<0.001
COP at the time of the first EKAM peak (mm)
7.73 ± 6.72
3.99 ± 5.72
−3.74 ± 9.00
0.004
COP at the time of the second EKAM peak (mm)
7.66 ± 7.67
6.51 ± 6.19
−1.15 ± 9.47
0.37
;. Values were the mean ± SD. FW = forward walking, BW = backward walking, MD = mean difference, EKAM = external knee adduction moment, KAAI = knee adduction moment impulse, GRF = ground reaction force, and COP = center of pressure. A greater COP value refers to a more laterally located COP.
