Biomechanical Effect of Disc Height on the Components of the Lumbar Column at the Same Axial Load: A Finite-Element Study

Figure 3

Four different motions implemented by simultaneously applying axial force and moment. The axial force applied a load of 300 N to the upper surface of L1. A moment of 10 N⋅m was applied to trigger the motions of (a) flexion, (b) extension, (c) lateral bending, and (d) axial rotation.